A Note On Cancer And Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is formed in the tissues of the cervix, an organ that connects the uterus and the vagina. Virtually all cervical cancers are caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections (Schiffman et. al., 2007). HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. According to the CDC, 75% of sexually active people aged 15-49 have the infection at some point in their lives. (CDC). Because HPV infection is usually asymptomatic, infected people do not know exactly when they get the infection. In most cases, the body is able to fight off the virus before any symptom. However, health problems such as genital warts and cancer may

Cervical cancer has been around since the late 1900’s. Scientists like Zur Hausen found novel HPV- DNA biopsies, this discovering HPV causes cervical cancer. Cervical cancer affects the lower part of the vagina or the walls of the pelvis. (Medline plus) Cervical cancer has been detrimental to women all over the U.S.

Due to the high incidence of breast and cervical cancer, which continues to rise, the need

The Human Papillomavirus, which causes genital warts and cervical cancer, among other things, is spreading worldwide especially in peoples aged 15-25. Because of the demographics of HPV, all incoming high school freshman should be required to get the Gardasil vaccine prior to enrollment. Gardasil is a safe vaccine that protects against the Human Papillomavirus which causes the most common types of cancer. Researchers say that people are most likely to be exposed to HPV in high school, so it’s the perfect time to vaccinate.

This year alone approximately 12,360 documented new cases of cervical cancer in the United States and 4,020 deaths according to National Cancer Institute (“Cervical Cancer”, 2014). Cervical cancer is a slow growing cancer that grows in the tissues of the cervix (an organ that connects the uterus and vagina). The disease is predominantly caused by the human papillomavirus infection (HPV). According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the HPV virus is so common that nearly all sexually active women and men get it at some point in their lives. Many types of HPV exist, some causing genital warts and potentially cervical cancer. Individuals can get HPV by having unprotected genital to genital touching, oral, vaginal, or anal sex. Anyone who is sexually active can get HPV, and can develop symptoms years after they had sex with someone who is infected, making it difficult to know when they first became infected.

Cervical Cancer is a type of cancer that is caused by an abnormal growth of cells in a woman’s cervix. The cells reproduce very rapidly and can become cancerous or remain benign. Every woman is considered at risk for developing this form, but it is seen more in women who are 30 years or older. Around 12,000 women will get cervical cancer each year (CDC, 2012). No one wants to hear a that they have a diagnosis of cancer, but the good news is that with early diagnosis and treatment survival rates for women with cervical cancer are extremely high. Here we will discuss risk factor, signs and symptoms, prevention, and treatments for cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer remains a public health problem that affects women worldwide. Cervical cancer is rated as the fourth type of cancer worldwide and the second most common cancer in women living in developing countries. In Europe, cervical cancer ranks as the sixth leading cancer of female cancers and second most common cancer among women aged between 15 to 44 years of age. Early detection and treatment are important for the prevention of morbidity and mortality related to cervical cancer. International studies conducted suggest that cervical cancer-related morbidity and mortality are highest among immigrant populations and that immigrant women may be less likely than non-immigrant women to participate in cervical cancer screening. These studies indicate that Somali women, in particular, constitute one immigrant group that is less likely to participate in cervical cancer screening. However, little information is known about the perceptions of and perspectives on cervical cancer screening as well as the barriers to uptake of cervical cancer screening among Somali women in Oslo. The aim of the study is to explore perceptions of and

Cervical cancer is the cancer of the cells of the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connect the body of the uterus to the vagina. It is made up of two parts: the endocervix and the exocervix. The endocervix is covered by glandular cells and the part of the cervix closest to the uterus. The excocervix is covered in squamous tissue and is the part of the cervix closest to the vagina. The squamous and glandular cells meet at the transformation zone and this is where most cervical cancer. There are 3 types of cervical cancer: squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and adenosquamous carcinomas. Up to nine out of ten cervical cancer is squamous cell carcinomas and starts in the exocervix. Adenocarcinomas develops in the

Cervical cancer is cancer that starts in the cervix, which is the “lower, narrow end of the uterus.”2 This form of cancer occurs mostly in women who are older than thirty. The current estimate is 12,000 women in the U.S. who have cervical cancer and 4,000 deaths occur from it1. The main cause of cervical cancer is human papillomavirus (HPV), which is transmitted through sexual intercourse. Although these statistics seem high, cervical cancer is a rare form of cancer. Historically, cervical cancer was known as the “leading cause of cancer death for women in the U.S.”3. The number of women effected and the number of deaths have significantly decreased over the past 40 years due to various interventions.

The major risk factor for pre invasive or invasive cervical carcinoma is infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV). HPV DNA is detected in virtually all cervical cancers, with HPV subtypes 16, 18, and 31 identified most commonly. Other known risk factors include early age at first intercourse, number of sexual partners, and a positive smoking history. Cervical carcinoma spreads predominantly by local invasion and lymphatic metastasis. The most common metastatic sites include the vagina, parametrium, and pelvic lymph nodes ( 1,2,3).

current evidence available at the time of publication and on the natural history of HPV and cervical pre-cancer. High-risk HPV infections are very common in young women, but most of these infections are transient: as they are typically cleared spontaneously from the woman’s body eliminates them spontaneously. Only a the small percentage of all HPV infections that persist for many years may lead to invasive cancer. Cervical cancer usually develops slowly, taking 10–20 years from early precancer to invasive cancer, so cervical cancer is rare before the age of 30. Screening younger women will detect many lesions that will never develop into cancer, which will lead to considerable overtreatment, and is thus not cost-effective.

Cervical cancer malignant cancer of the cervix uteris or cervical area. It may present with vaginal bleeding but symptoms may be absent until the cancer is in its advanced stages, which has made cervical cancer the focus of intense screening efforts using the Pap smear. About 2.2 percent of women carry one of the 2 virus strains most likely to lead to cervical cancer. One of the symptoms of Cervical Cancer is very Unusual amount of discharge.

family history is a non-modifiable risk factor that puts a woman at a risk of cervical cancer.

The cervical cancer starts in the cervix (the narrow opening into the uterus from the vagina) and it mainly occurs during the mid life and major number of women diagnosed with this are at the age between 35 and 55 years. It is a rare case that a woman nearly 20 years of age suffer from this cancer. It has been found out by the cervical cancer specialists that nearly 20 percent of diagnosed women are older than 65 years.

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer related mortality in countries such as India accounting for more than 17% of all cancer deaths in women aged 30-69. [3] Cervical cancer is one such type of cancer in which screening plays a significant role. Clinical trials done in below poverty level populations do encounter ethical issues to a certain extent with regards to informed consent as most or all of these patients are illiterate. However informed consent is extremely important when justifying data for such clinical trials. Countries such as US have implemented Pap smear screening as one of the most important cervical cancer screening methods. In countries as densely populated as India where proper healthcare facilities does not reach slums and extremely poverty stricken societies, alternatives for screening are indicated- VIA or Visual inspection with acetic acid