A Note On Cellulose

Positive controls were different for each macromolecule. For simple carbohydrates, the positive control was 1% reducing sugar solution since it contains simple sugars. For complex carbohydrates, the positive control was 1% starch solution since it contains starch. For lipids, the positive control was vegetable oil since oil is an unsaturated fat. For proteins, the positive control was egg albumin since egg whites are

Liver is known as the metabolic port of entry for any endobiotic and xenobiotic substance. The anabolism and catabolism of most of the nutrients are in major performed by the liver. Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism by the liver is of significance as the anomalies in metabolism of these nutrients may introduce several types of metabolic syndromes. The protective effects of aqueous green tea extract have been shown on hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and liver dysfunction in diabetic and obese rat models [74]. Different nutrients combinations were tested in a long-term feeding in experimental mouse model. Regional and continental food habit and practices are very much different. Effects of Western, vegetarian, and Japanese dietary fat

J 12. F 13. C 14. K 15. K Matching—Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats 1.

This paper will focus on some important nutrients that are important for general health: fiber and protein. My personal daily intake will be analyzed to determine what foods are providing the right type of proteins and fiber, and how food consumption might be adjusted to provide for a healthier nutrient intake. It is important to state at the outset that the nutrient intake that is being used for this analysis is only for a one-day period. However, it will provide some insight into my eating habits and how those habits might be improved from a scientific standpoint.

During this week, I Edgar Burgos had to conduct a food intake for 3 consecutive days. This paper will describe my nutritional endeavor for the past three days. I will provide different aspects of my nutritional needs and an in depth analysis on how proteins fats carbohydrates and fiber take part in my everyday diet and what are these functions. This is intended to broaden my views of a healthy lifestyle, and how to achieve it through a variety of food groups.

Numerous studies attest that fat composition within in animal (specifically cattle) depend and vary on the diet of that animal (Daley et al. 2010). In the case of cattle, grass-fed and grain (concentrate)-fed are amongst the two largest diets used, and this difference in diets is also correlated with a difference in fat composition (Daley et al. 2010). In general, grain-fed cattle have a higher body fat percentage make up, increasing from 9.76g/100g of muscle in grass-fed crossbred steers to 13.03g/100g of muscle in grain-fed steers (Daley et al. 2010). This is a 34% increase due to a diet change, which is a considerable increase since animal fats are connected to health risks; providing the argument that grass-fed cattle are healthier (Daley et al. 2010).

In this study, one group of male rats were given water sweetened with HFCS in addition to their standard diet and another group of male rats received water sweetened with table sugar with their standard diet for a period of 6 months. The proportion of HFCS used in the study was half the amount of the sugar used. The study “monitored weight gain, body fat and triglyceride levels in rats”. The male rats that had HFCS in their diet gained about 48 percent more weight (characteristic of obesity). They also had substantial increases in abdominal fat and circulating triglycerides (i.e. a “fatty liver”). "In humans, these same characteristics are known risk factors for high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, cancer and

In the early 1900s, dietary fat was viewed simply as a source of calories, interchangeable with carbohydrates. But in 1929 and 1930, George and Mildred Burr discovered that fatty acids were critical to health through punctilious analyses of rats fed special diets. If fatty acids were missing in the diet, a deficiency syndrome ensued and often led to death (Asbmb.org. 2016). Fatty acids rarely occur as free molecules in nature but are usually found as components of many complex lipid molecules such as fats and phospholipids. Biological fatty acids are composed only of hydrocarbon chain which is carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the proportion of 76%, 12.6% and 11.3% respectively with one terminal carboxyl group (COOH). Fatty acids are aliphatic

Insulin resistance can also be caused by increased triglycerides and free fatty acids intake. This is due to the effect Triglycerides and free fatty acids have on insulin stimulated signal pathways, translocation protein-4 and glucose uptake (Choi, Jung, Park, & Song, 2004). It is found that CLA has a regulatory effect on glucose and lipid metabolism regulators. CLA affects the PPAR-y ligand, a major receptor that influences the expression and transcription of genes that are related to the metabolic effects of glucose and lipids. Such protein regulators as aP2, insulin-dependent glucose transporter 4, FATp, ACS and adiponectin are all influenced by increased CLA. (Xiao-Rong Zhoua, Chang-Hao Suna, Jia-Ren Liua, b, Dan Zhaoa, 2008). It was also theorized that CLA may act on other glucose regulators such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, glucose-6-phosphate, glucokinase, sterol-regulation element finding protein, acyl coenzyme A oxidase, fatty acid synthase and uncoupling protein. Testing done on rats with a mixture of cis 9, trans 11 and trans 10, cis 12 CLA had found that the only effected regulatory agents were regulators involved in gluconeogenesis such as Phosphoenol carboxykinase and transcriptional factors, sterol-regulating element binding protein-1c and PPAR-y (Choi, Jung, Park, & Song, 2004). The main regulatory effect on insulin resistance was the effect on ligand PPAR-y, a key regulator in lipid homeostasis. Mixtures of CLA isomers consisting of cis 9, trans 11 and trans 10,cis 12 effect gene expression of PPARy mRNA in rats. It was found to have affected the levels of aP2, FATP, ACS and adipoenectin mRNA expression in adipose tissue. CLA increased These regulatory proteins resulting in an uptake of free fatty acids into the adipose tissue and decreasing uptake into the muscle tissue. This has been found to improve muscle insulin

Although cells require sugar for energy, it is glucose the cells prefer as a source. However, much of the excess sugar consumed today is fructose. Excess fructose consumption has similar effects on the liver as excessive alcohol intake, as the liver metabolizes alcohol the same way as sugar and converting the carbohydrate into fat (Brandis, Lustig, & Schmidt, 2012). High concentrations of fructose is rare in nature and is typically found along side fiber. However, in the American diet, the fiber is

Overnutrition, specifically excessive consumption of fructose, is fundamental to NAFLD development10. Fructose metabolism, unlike glucose, occurs nearly exclusively in the liver and is preferentially selected for lipogenesis. The triglyceride production and storage that results from fructose ingestion is highly associated with central obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance11. This relevant finding is especially important to clinicians, as this modifiable risk factor may be easily addressed.

Figure 2: As the unknown was identified as galactose or lactose and the main difference between them was that galactose was monosaccharide, while lactose was disaccharide, Barfoed’s test was performed next. As expected, all monosacharides (fructose, galactose, glucose, xylose) formed a small amount

Malfunctioning beta cells are not able to detect changes in plasma glucose. There is a decline in the function or response of insulin to glucose, which leads to hyperglycaemia (Kahn, 2003). Both beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance can be explained by the presence of free fatty acids circulating within plasma. The elevated levels of free fatty acids are commonly seen in individuals who have T2DM, due to the failure of insulin suppressing lipolysis (Boden and Shulman, 2002). Free fatty acids are an important source of energy for a number of tissues in the body such as the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. However, when there are excess amounts it encourages insulin resistance and leads to a decrease in both the uptake and consumption of glucose. Free fatty acids, another substrate of energy, competes against glucose in both muscle and adipose tissue (Figure 1). Moreover, raised levels of free fatty acids increases the risk of hyperglycaemia. This is because gluconeogenesis, the production of glucose, is promoted by the presence of free fatty acids and insulin fails to suppress this endogenous glucose production (Boden et al., 2001 cited in Boden and Shulman,

We are required to obtain certain amount of nutrients from food. Food can simply divide into 2 groups, macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients composition. Both of the groups mentioned do affect the metabolism rate. According to Hulbert and Else, dietary fatty acid will affect the metabolism rate and some of the polyunsaturated fatty acid will increase the metabolism rate (1999). Meanwhile, different kinds of animals have their own unique requirement for macro-nutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates and fat. Moreover, most of the food intake is driven by achieving the required protein intake. Animals on a low protein diet will over eat carbohydrates and fat until the protein requirement has been satisfied. If this case

Other genes like chvA, chvB, pscA and att regulate the formation of cellulose fibrils which are required for the first step of weak and reversible attachment. Cellulose fibrils help the bacteria to attach to the wounded parts of the plant and also anchoring to each other forming a microcolony.