A Promising Treatment Modality For Cancer

Frank Emmrich is the director of the Fraunhofer IZI and a professor at the University of Leipzig, where he has headed the Institute of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine since 1994. This dual position enables the efficient sharing of experience, not to mention the optimal supervision of undergraduate and doctoral dissertations, and provides an excellent basis for cooperation. Both a doctor and an immunologist, Prof. Emmrich spent 13 years as both a researcher and department head at Max Planck Institutes in Freiburg and Erlangen. Over seven of these years he was a professor at the Friedrich Alexander University in Erlangen-Nuremberg. From its founding eight years ago up to this year he also was director of the BMBF funded institute of Translational Regenerative Medicine, the TRM, at Leipzig. Since 2008 he is also a member of the German Ethics Council and additionally member or chairman in a multitude of scientific organisations such as the German Stem Cell Network. He first came into contact with Dr. Burkhardt during her dissertation thesis on genetics of autoimmune diseases and since 2011 advised and accompanied Dr. Burkhardt’s BMBF funded project as her mentor at the Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine (TRM) Leipzig. Currently, more than 200 peer-reviewed scientific publications are listed by Prof. Emmrich in addition to several patent applications. In addition to supervision provided by Prof. Emmrich, Christopher Oelkrug, Head of Immunotherapy/Oncology Unit at the Fraunhofer IZI, will accompany the proposed project. He published over 20 peer-reviewed research articles with a focus on the development and testing of novel therapeutic strategies with the aid of innovative tumour models for the treatment of cancer patients and the enhancement of therapeutic cancer vaccines through different administration strategies. Thus, his research and expertise complements the purposed of this

Then a one-time transfusion is administered to the patient that replaces the synthetically enhanced T-cells back into the patient’s body. Kymriah specifically is affixed with receptors for antigens on malignant and normal CD19-expressing

Immunotherapy for cancer treatment has had tremendous growth recently with increased awareness and knowledge of the immune system and potential means to manipulate it for therapeutic intent. Progress in the treatment of viral infections including CMV, EBV, HHV-6, utilization of immune checkpoint blockade for melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and Hodgkin Lymphoma, as well as rapid emergence of genetically modified T cells against CD19+ B cells have contributed to the growth in this area.Antibody-targeted therapy has now become standard of care for many malignancies, and the multi-domain utilization of antigen-specific adoptive T-cell therapy has shown great promises. 4 While our understanding of B cell and T cell and our ability to

Smith, B., Neuharth, R., Hendrix, M. A., McDonnall, D., & Michaels, A. D. (2010). Intravenous

When designing a cancer treatment program, it’s crucial it include the immune system, because the whole body is vulnerable to infection and chronic inflammation when it’s dealing with the effects of a growing population of cancer cells.

Systemic therapy. Both surgery and radiation therapy target tumor cells in a specific region. However, tumor cells can migrate and metastasize to other regions in the body through the lymph system. Adjuvant systemic therapy may be beneficial depending on staging, grade, tumor size, cell proliferation and oncogene activation. Oncogenes warrant further study as a treatment to alter genes that are unable to suppress cell proliferation; when damaged the proteins produced by the oncogenes can turn normal cells into cancer cells. The most

Undeniably, 2D monolayer cell culture method is one of the most popular models today in order to provide the first-hand information on the drug sensitivity on cell. In addition, this method is low costed and easy to be maintained [8]. But this culture method lacks the ability to mimic the tumour microenvironment such as the native extracellular matrix (ECM) of cancer cell [9]. In 2005, Zhang and his colleagues report that the cultured cells in monolayer can bring significantly difference in the rate of cell proliferation with those cell in vivo owing to the direct exposure to the oxygen and nutrient supply in monolayer culture [10]. Without the architecture of stroma, 2D monolayer model might provide inaccurate outcome due to the lack of true tumour heterogeneity in nature which consists of necrotic, quiescent and active cells [11-13]. Therefore, there is a necessity to adopt the three dimensional (3D) spheroids model first before conducting the xenograft studies as a prescreening assay to ensure a cost-effective, less time consuming and ethnically approved method in testing the sensitivity of the drug on cervical cancer cell [8].

As the world continues to suffer from these devastating diseases, researchers continue to find alternative therapeutic ways of addressing cancer treatment. It is on this premise that various immunotherapeutic alternatives have emerged and currently garnering the greatest level of attention and already raising hope throughout the world in addressing the treatment of NSCLC. However, this can no longer be viewed as a discovery but a wave in the medicine world that began in the 20th century. Various researchers have found the importance of the role of immune systems in fighting the growth of tumor caused by cancer cells. A study by Huncharek (2000) stated that specific immune boosters are capable of eliminating preclinical cancers. In contrast, Jermal et al. (2011) found that immunotherapy is an effective approach for the treatment of tumors that have already turned into solid. Similarly, the researchers highlighted that immunotherapy can be an effective approach to the treatment of melanoma as well as renal cell cancers (Lasalvia-Prisco, 2008). However, Jemal et al. (2011) noted that immunotherapy cannot achieve much in cancer treatment due to limitation brought about by the emission of immunosuppressive cytokines and subsequent loss of antigen expressions. Recent development in research studies on the immunotherapy approach to cancer treatment continues to elicit mixed reactions among researchers of medicinal ecology (Jadad et al., 1996). However, recent development in

Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is an immunotherapeutic strategy that takes advantage of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells within tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) populations. Preclinical and clinical studies have proven the principle of ACT immunotherapy, in which TIL are isolated from tumors, stimulated to undergo massive in vitro proliferation, and infused into patients in hopes of causing immunological tumor regression [1-3]. ACT protocols typically depend on pre-transfer lymphodepletion to maximize the engraftment and persistence of ex vivo-expanded T cell populations [4,6]. Although clinical trials of melanoma ACT have demonstrated favorable response rates and cases of profound and durable disease regression, suboptimal response

Malignant neoplasia, more commonly known as cancer, can arise anywhere in the body in various sizes, shape and form, and can affect anyone. The treatment of cancer depends on the various factors, namely the type of cancer, how far it has grown and spread, and how fast it is growing. Medical advancements are continuing to benefit the treatment of cancer, as they are being detected earlier and patients are living longer. I will be discussing the three most used cancer treatments; surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy; and briefly investigating how they can be used together as a combination therapy with the example of breast cancer. I will also be exploring the emerging cancer treatment of immunotherapy, and comparing and contrasting the benefits and drawbacks/limits of these four treatments in terms of their biological process, and how they act in the body. Surgery is one of the main treatments for cancer, and is usually the first option considered following diagnosis. Usually, the earlier a cancer is found the easier it is to remove it. Surgery may be the only treatment you need if the tumour is contained in the body area and has not metastasized. The primary goal is to remove the malignant tumour as completely as possible; and procedurally some normal tissue from around the cancer is also removed. The surgeon may also remove the lymph nodes nearest to the cancer, in case they contain cancer cells that can be moved around the body through the lymphatic system. After

Therefore, TCRs are unable to target tumor antigens such as carbohydrate or lipid antigens. However, genetically modified T-cells expressing CARs (chimeric antigen receptors) avoid the TCRs limitation and can recognize intact antigen i.e. cell surface proteins, carbo-hydrate and lipid tumor antigen. Moreover, tumor can also down regulation expression of HLA. The T-cells expressing CARs can be used regardless of the HLA types in adaptive T-cells therapy.

This original research focuses on defining cancer immunotherapy and the different types of immunotherapy that has received regulatory approval within the past twenty-five years. Cancer immunotherapy also known as biotherapy is "the manipulation of the immune system, or utilization of components of the immune system, as the cancer treatment." After a brief history of immunotherapy and the foundation of its origin is given in the introduction Dillman goes into detail about the different types of immunotherapies. The different types of immunotherapies include nonspecific immune stimulants Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and Levamisole which are drugs used to boost the immune system in a general way. Cytokines are the messengers of the immune system; interferon-a and interleukin-2 are cytokines used to mediate and regulate immune responses, inflammation, and hematopoiesis which is new blood cell formation.

Normal Cells respond to instructions given to them by other cells telling them to stop because they have reached a boundary, unlike cancer cells which don’t listen to these instructions. Cancer cells then travel into nearby tissues with finger-like projections which makes it difficult to remove a tumor during surgery.

Therefore, patients can receive treatment before cancer metastasizes to other areas of the body, which is resulting in better health outcomes. The main challenge in circulating tumor cell (CTC) research is their detection, which requires the ability to detect one CTC out of almost 1 billion normal blood cells [2, 3]. Based on the known properties of tumor cells, several platforms for CTC detection have been developed. Such platforms can be classified into two major categories: (I) Immunochemistry-based methods, and (II) physical property-based methods. CELLSEARCHTM from Janssen Diagnostics is considered the most successful and the only FDA-approved platform for CTC detection in clinical practice in patients with breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. Limitation of this method is the low yield of CTC capture from larger blood volume. Metastasis often involves epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cells; thus, epithelial marker-dependent approaches may miss numerous CTCs that have low or absent epithelial marker expression. Isolation by size of epithelial tumor cells (ISET) [4] is another widely accepted size-based approach. This platform applies a specific membrane filter for tumor cell selection, because tumor cells are often larger and stiffer than blood cells. Main advantage of using membrane filter is that cells can be retained for further investigation. Nonetheless, the sizes of tumor cells may vary

This proposal is to investigate the role of tumor immune microenvironment changes in local recurrence and metastatic spread of liver cancer after catheter-based therapies using an orthotopic HCC rat model. We will use 250-350 buffalo rats (male and female) between 5 to 7 weeks of age. A subgroup of animals will be used to fine-tune the effective dose of treatment agents and advanced imaging protocols proposed. Survival surgery procedures will be performed using aseptic technique in an approved surgery area, with a dedicate space for surgical support, animal preparation, operating area, and post-operative recovery. For all studies, the liver of isoflurane-anesthetized buffalo rats will be exposed via