A Proposed Easy-to-Use Classification of Mandibular Fractures

a. A complete fracture is when the entire bone impacted is fractured. A comminuted fracture is when the bone breaks shatters into many pieces. Intertrochanteric refers to the top part of the femur. So, a complete, comminuted intertrochanteric fracture is the upper most part of the femur is completely shattered. A comminuted fracture is common in older people, so this fracture is normal for someone Margaret’s age. (Marieb, Elaine N.R., Ph.D. “5/The Skeletal System.” Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology. San Francisco: Pearson Education, 2006/

Although a fracture is also known as a broken bone, there are many types of fractures. Some types of fractures are more severe than others, all of them must be seen immediately. Fractures happen at least twice in our lives. Some types of fractures are also caused by age or osteoporosis which is the weakening of the bones (Melinda, 2015). The severity of a fracture depends on the strength with which the fracture was caused. A bone could be fractured in many ways such as lengthwise, crosswise, and also in multiple pieces (Stuart James, 2012).

Integrity is the basis for trust in society. Without integrity, religion, education, commerce, and structural leadership cannot succeed. The importance of integrity has been stressed since the beginning of time in the Garden of Eden when God told Adam and Eve not to eat the fruit of the tree, but they went against God's command at the words of a convincing serpent. Integrity is a strong theme in medieval times often interwoven in code taken and upheld by the heroes of the time. This code is exhibited in much of the medieval tales in British literature. To have integrity in medieval culture is to follow some moral code defined by the society in which one lived. The understanding of what integrity is in the medieval times was determined by the virtuous and honorable life one lives and what values are of importance in the medieval society. Beowulf, as well as Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, depicts the idea of integrity or lack of in the medieval ages.

The clinical signs of this fracture are swelling and pain in the scaphoid region, tenderness in the “anatomical snuffbox”, pain on axial compression, pain while pronating the hand, and painful pinch grip2. Radiological diagnosis consists of a scaphoid series of X-rays: Anterior-Posterior, lateral, semipronated and semisupinated views2. In cases of so-called "occult" fractures, the fracture is not visible on the radiographs, if the clinical signs are highly suggestive of fracture a 2 week period of cast immobilization is recommended, followed by a repeat X-ray series2. If further investigation is required, CT and MRI scans can also be implemented.

Mandibular fractures are among the most common facial injuries and account for 23–97% of all facial fractures dependent on the survey. The principal fracture areas are located in the condylar neck, the symphysis and the body or the angle of the mandible [1]. Miniplate osteosynthesis has become one of the important fixation method in maxillofacial and craniofacial surgery. Miniplate osteosynthesis is a standard method for the surgical treatment of mandibular fractures. Miniplates provide functionally stable fixation, unlike rigid fixation, which prevents micro motion of the bony fragments under function [2]. It is one of the challenging tasks for Oral and Maxillofacial surgeon because of the complex functional anatomy of the maxillofacial region.

This was a retrospective study of patents who sustained midface fractures seen at the oral and maxillofacial surgery department of Kantipur dental hospital teaching college and research center.During the two year period from January 2014 to December 2015, data were received and analyzed in terms of age, gender, etiology, anatomical site of fracture, treatment, methods and complications. Fracture sites were assigned to six different midfacial bones: including the zygomatic arch, fronto-zygomatic suture, buttress, infra-orbital rim, alveolar bone and orbital rim. The causes of injury were also divided into six categories: physical assult, falls, road traffic accidents, sports accidents, animal kicks and gun

On the basis of this anatomy, orbital blowout fractures can be classified into the following six types: trap door, floor, medial wall, two wall, roof, or complex fractures.

General characterristics – The material MCP-4275-PV represents the right ramus of a hemimandible of about 500mm length, which is divided in two parts due a median fracture of taphonomic process. It is noticed that the material was folded over the preservation process, which the anterior part reached out the posterior part causing the break. The hemimandible features the lower anterior portion to the rear with respectively 33mm and 102mm roughly. The glenoid cavity lay beyond the dorsal limit of the dentary bone, suggesting a decreasing anteroposterior height pattern. It features a side compression in the fullest extent. There is a damage in the posterior end, where is positioned the post-glenoid area (PGA), and in the anterior end, where lay

Numerous studies were published on maxillofacial trauma describing incidence, patterns and etiology of both male and female population. Over the past 3-4 decades etiology of maxillofacial trauma has been changing and continues to do so. For instance,

Evaluation of perioperative variations in the levels of inflammatory markers in open reduction and internal fixation of maxillofacial fractures

A jaw dislocation happens when your lower jaw bone separates from your upper jaw bone. This injury is often caused by a very strong force to your jaw. Your doctor will put your lower jaw bone back in place. Any broken jaw bones will be held in place with plates and screws or wiring. Wires may be left in place for 6 to 8 weeks.

At times the tissues over the tooth seems to be health but there are fine cracks or fractures in the tooth post injury that can be the cause of pain..

Falls, sports, collisions, physical leisure activities, being struck by an object and traffic accidents are the common listed causes of traumatic dental injuries [6,7].

Impacted mandibular third molars with Class I, II or III and Position A, B or C, according to the Pell and Gregory classification on intra oral periapical radiograph.

Food preservatives are described as natural means or man-made chemicals that are used in foods to prevent them from spoiling. A subgroup of preservatives are food additives, which differ from preservatives in the way that additives are not only used to lengthen the life of food, but also to improve taste and appearance. The ultimate goal of preservatives and additives are to improve the quality and lifespan of food by slowing down the decomposition process using chemicals or natural methods, such as salt and dehydration.