A Randomized Trial Of Low Dose Aspirin

Many studies were conducted on coronary artery disease (CAD) because it is the leading cause of mortality and premature disability so studies investigated those at risk of coronary atherosclerosis aiming to provide early treatment (Kolovou et al., 2005), (Akhabue et al., 2014).

In this discussion board, I will review the findings and recommendations of the United States Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation statement: Aspirin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer.

2013)In a previous report, we demonstrated that the benefits of apixaban versus warfarin were irrespective of age (221.0 μmol/L or calculated creatinine clearance <0.001). Rates of GI bleeding were not significantly different.(Schwarz UI, Ritchie MD, Bradford Y, et al. 2008) Based on these two phase III studies, apixaban was shown superior compared to aspirin and warfarin for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.17,18 To note, efficacy was shown in a patient population with a mean CHADS2 score of approximately two, compared with a mean CHADS2 of 3.5 in the ROCKET-AF trial of rivaroxaban. Apixaban did not show a significant decrease in the rates of cardiovascular mortality when compared with warfarin.

Although many physicians question the effectiveness of plant hormones, Bettina ensures that their patients respond positively to treatment. The gynecologist Elisa Amelia Sidle, Hospital Leonor Mendes de Barros, in Sao Paulo, warns that there is no research proving the benefits of is flavones in terms of prevention. The ideal is to begin to prevent the arrival of 40 years?. She also recommends two annual visits to the gynecologist to monitor changes resulting from menopause, such as hormonal changes, diabetes and bone density

According to Rutten (2003), in general practice majority of the patients with HF where elderly women suffering from chronic hypertension, whereas there seems to be a higher number of men with CHF being treated by a cardiologist as appose to the general physician (Rutten, 2003). Cardiol (2011) agreed that women with CHF seems to be more common. In postmenopausal women are more vulnerable as oestrogen affects the synthesis of collagen and inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system.

The limitation of the study is that there was not a placebo group for the metformin users. By not having a control group to compare with an experimental group, the study results might be affected as it is exposed to extraneous threats, thus losing its reliability and validity (Rebar, Gersch, Macnee & McCabe, 2011). Secondly, there were a greater number of men than women in the trial, which could lead to a more favorable result towards men doing the aerobic exercise, thus decreasing the reliability of generalizing to a larger population of women (Rebar et al., 2011).

As important as medication therapy is, there seems to be gender disparities with the management of lipid lowering medication therapy. Women are not being as aggressively treated as their male counterparts, despite the higher baseline levels of LDL cholesterol. In Addition, women are not as likely to continue the lipid lowering therapy in the long term due possibly to the side effects of continued therapy. Providers need to increase their awareness of the cardiovascular risks of women, including addressing the barriers of assessment, lipid screening, and targeted therapies, especially for those most at risk. (Rodriguez, 2016)

Throughout history many population groups have been excluded from drugs trials. The populations include elderly, African Americans, women, pregnant women, and children. Because they have been excluded we do not know the side effects of many medications that are giving to this population. This paper will concentrate on the history, what is being done currently, what are the plans in the future and how nurses can support women in medication trials.

The baseline study of the elderly study sample are as shown in the given table. It can be observed that three-fifths of the total sample were composed of women, and also an expression of the high prevalence of diabetes, antihypertensive treatment, and CVD are evident.

Taking Statins to lower cholesterol is the top prescription drug, for adults over 60, issued to defeat CHD (Qiuping, Dillon and Burt 5). Although, the Statins prescribed are shown to lower the risk of a second heart attack in men; no significant reduction in risk is found with men who do not already have CHD, if the research is examined closer (Abramson). Once again, moderate exercise coupled with a sensible diet proves to be just as effective as an expensive drug, although once a person has CHD the Statins can help (Abramson). The drug companies have effectively penetrated every demographic in the US with “needed” prescriptions and in many instances the American people are asking for it.

As we all know the second epidemiologic revolution on the 20th century refers to the time where the focus on health care shifted from addressing communicable illnesses to combating non-infectious diseases with proper education, early detection, and treatment. The second era as this period is also commonly known has been characterized by advances in life expectancy and attention to chronic diseases. During the second portion of the 20th century a decline in cardiovascular diseases has been observed and documented. Why these improvements? These positive changes have been the result of new discoveries in biomedical sciences, preventive and curative interventions, and general improvement in hygiene (Faseb, 2005). Some of those preventive mechanisms in place are anti-smoking and drinking in moderation campaigns, promotion on wellness, weight control, and regular exercise as part of a medical approach, as well as emphasis on the importance of regular sleep patterns.

Heart disease is the leading cause of fatality in the United States accounting for 610,000 deaths each year or one in every four deaths (CDC, 2015). Even though cardiovascular disease affects men and women, it is more likely for women to pass away within the first year after a heart attack (The Gender, 2015). There are several different explanations proposed as to why this gender gap in longevity after a heart attack exists. The most common reason for the gender gap is a person’s genetic traits and lifestyle. In order to understand the risk factors for women, we must first understand what heart disease is. Then we can examine the risk factors of heart disease, the causes, and finally prevention and treatment.

The risk factors of heart attacks are a leading killer of both men and women in the United States. “Heart disease is the leading cause of death in both men and women, and more than 900,000 Americans experience a heart attack every year” (Damlo, 2007, p. 1096-1101). According to the American Heart Association, “heart attack is a sudden and sometimes fatal occurrence of coronary

Mrs. L stated that she takes Baby Aspirin daily, two Vitoran pills for blood pressure, pills for high cholesterol, fish oil, and extra Vitamin B. She did not mention any adverse effects the medications had on her.

The purpose of this report is two discuss the Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, proposed benefits, research method, results of research, and possible-nursing implications of newly approved drugs for the treatment of hypertension. These drugs include Atacand HCT and Diltiazem HCL. All newly approved drugs from the FDA are either new drugs or new formulations of older drugs. The information contained in this report was derived from various web pages and online search engines.