A Report On The Outbreak Of Salmonella

This lab experiment was done for the purpose of learning how to determine a gram negative bacterium based on multiple tests learned throughout the semester. My gram negative unknown bacterium given to me was Salmonella typhimurium based off of the following tests; Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA), Sulfate Indole Motility (SIM), Methyl Red (MR), Voges-Proskaur (VP), Citrate, Urea Hydrolysis, and Gelatin Hydrolysis. Each test performed gives results such as motility, acid production, fermentation, carbon requirements, or detection of certain coenzymes. With a process of elimination, I determined which bacteria it was not and which bacterium I had, S. typhimurium. The expectation was to master the techniques for each test and utilize the results to determine the unknown bacterium I was given within a two-week period.

In my opinion, world wide should have free range hens so there are healthier hens and eggs resulting in less salmonella spread, if they were free range they would be less stressed and they would not be so close together which would cause fights. If they were free range they would be healthier, and their eggs would be healthier for humans to eat because it would not carry salmonella, and the environment would benefit in many ways. Also the costs of free range living would be distributed onto the consumers in many ways.

The USDA issued interim regulations that restricted the interstate sale and transportation of eggs and poultry from flocks to protect the community from salmonella- infected eggs. The USDA has to collects samples from the flock, and if any of the test came out positive and its movement in interstate commerce would be restricted. In 1990, salmonella outbreaks were traced to three houses owned by Rose Acre Farms. Because the “test flocks” tested positive, USDA officials removed and killed sixty hens from the

For the seven interviews that the team conducted, three of the cases had eaten hamburger or ground beef, no cases had drunk raw milk, only one case had traveled outside Michigan, no restaurant or social event was identified in common, all of the cases had consumed lettuce, and six had eaten alfalfa sprouts. Appendix A shows the line listing of people who became ill with E.coli or E.coli symptoms from June 15 to July 15. Based on those findings no obvious linkages between patients were found. Appendix B shows the epidemic curve for this outbreak. The epidemic curve showed that the onset of illness among cases occurred from June to July with largest number occurring on June 22nd. Based on the appendix D, DNA fingerprinting

In the year, 2005 a major outbreak of the bacterium E. coli perished in the South Wales and more than 157 people were affected by this bacterium, which mainly included the children. The reason found out behind this incident was connected with a meat supplier who used to serve the local schools and old age homes. A five-year-old child lost his life during the course of this outbreak. Therefore, this paper is written with the aim of exploring the outbreak of E. coli in South Wales, to witness the actual reasons of the diseases, the difficulties that arise during the course of the event and to give a look on the things that this incident has taught us.

This multistate outbreak of Salmonella Tennessee case was published by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in March of 2007 to inform the public of the outbreak that was discovered and in order to prevent other people from getting sick. The Salmonella infection was associated with the consumption of Peanut Butter, specifically with Peter Pan peanut butter and Great Value peanut butter brands manufactured by ConAgra. Since both brands were manufactured in the same facility in Georgia, they both became contaminated and so, the peanut butter jars with the code 2111 were to de discarded and avoided (MMWR, 2007). However, since the Great Value peanut butter brand is manufacture in other plants, only the peanut butter jars from the facility in Georgia had the bacterial infection within them. Although Salmonella is a common illness in the United States estimated at 1 million cases per year, the Tennessee serotype is a rare case and it was first associated with peanut butter in February 2007; however, since November of 2006, public health officials had noticed an increase with this serotype (MMWR, 2007). The symptoms of Salmonella Tennessee include diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps and dysuria, which can be seen in 12-72 hours from the person being contaminated (MMWR, 2007). Furthermore, 715 Salmonella Tennessee cases where identified in 48 states from the beginning of August 2006 through the end of July 2007 (Sheth, 2011). The source of

found that both the drug and the bacteria use enzymes as their defense and attack

Have people ever thought about the risks of on farm salmonella, and the danger it poses to hog herds as well as the public health? Salmonella control starts at the beginning of finishing farms, breeding herds, feed suppliers, and on to the slaughter houses. Salmonella control programs have already been established in several European countries to help reduce their salmonella on hog farms. Salmonella is one of the most important food borne pathogens as well as the second most common source of zoonotic human infection. Farmers and veterinarians are striving to pursue an effective plan to decrease salmonella on hog farms through several ways of prevention.

Antibiotics are amongst the most important medical discoveries and their introduction represents a remarkable success story (Hedin, 2011). The term antibiotics literally means against life (Walsh, 2000). Thus antibiotics can be used against any microbe such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. However, some people use the term to only apply to bacteria, but in this paper, the more appropriate term will be used.

According to the new report released by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention a salmonella outbreak happened in the US. The officials affirmed that people should not kiss or cuddle chicken since they risk getting salmonella infection.

In 2011 there was a multistate outbreak of Salmonella Heidelberg infections. There were a total of 190 affected individuals from 6 states [New York (109), New Jersey (62), Pennsylvania (10), Maryland (6), Ohio (2), and Minnesota (1)]. Research showed a correlation between the outbreak and a contaminated kosher chicken liver product labeled as "kosher broiled chicken livers" from Schreiber Processing Corporation. This product is one that not ready-to-eat requiring cooking before eating. According to investigations put forth by the CDC and FDA, consumers incorrectly assumed the word "broiled" on the label meant the chicken liver was ready-to-eat. Additionally, laboratory testing conducted by the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets Laboratory Division identified the outbreak strain of Salmonella Heidelberg in samples of the above-mentioned product. Once the specific bacterium was directly isolated and found to be present in the suspected food item, a recall of the chicken livers was implemented.

In the fall of 1984 in The Dalles, Oregon there was a Salmonella Typhimurium outbreak that caused gastroenteritis in a total of 751 people. There were two waves of the outbreak, the first being September 9th through the 18th and the second was September 19th through October 10th. An investigation of the outbreak determined that the origin of the outbreak was from 10 different restaurants and eating at their salad bars. During the epidemiological investigation, no water supply, single food item, or supplier or food distributor was common to all the affected restaurants. A later criminal investigation determined that the outbreak was intentionally caused by members of a religious commune contaminating the restaurant salad bars.

The activity of antimicrobial combinations can be assessed in vitro using Etest methods. The traditional approaches used to assess antimicrobial combinations are the checkerboard and time-kill methods These methods are costly in time and materials and are not used in routine clinical practice. The Etest method is simple to use, time efficient and inexpensive. The Etest is an agar diffusion method for the quantitative determination of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents [9].

Antibiotic resistance is rapidly becoming a major challenge in regard to modern medicine, the rapid reproduction, selection pressures and the advanced evolution of bacterial cells through a series of survival mechanisms has lead to a potentially catastrophic consequence in regard to treatment of human disease caused by bacterial infection, Antibiotic Resistance.

“Ask your doctor if this drug is right for you?”. When watching TV you tend to hear those words often, but how would you feel if your doctor told you that the drug would be right for you if it weren’t for a shortage? Antibiotic shortages are always on the rise, and will continue on for centuries. For the past 20th century, antibiotics have been considered an incredible revelation, and as the years go on, there has been an unbelievable increase in bacterial infections, viruses, diseases today have cause a shortage in antibiotics. The old antibiotics that no longer take an effect on today 's infections, are seeking to be replaced with a working antibiotic. With an increase of bacterial infections, the supply of antibiotics has started to decrease dramatically. With new viruses being discovered daily it has become an issue to find the correct source of medication to help, prevent, and kill bacteria.