A Research Analysis Of MERS-COV Mice

When we hear the word virus, we usually think of something that makes us sick. A virus is an ultramicroscopic infectious organism that, having no independent metabolic activity, can replicate only within a cell of another host organism. A virus consists of a core of nucleic acid, either RNA or DNA, surrounded by a coating of antigenic protein and sometimes a lipid layer surrounds it as well. The viral genome provides the genetic code for replication, and the host cell provides the necessary energy and raw materials. To fight viruses, we use vaccines. While some may infect a broad range, other viruses can only infect certain kinds of cells. Vaccines are made of inactive, dead or weakened virus cells or protein antigens that can no longer infect

Through the understanding of infectious diseases, researchers have been able to create several types of vaccines to help prevent a variety of life-threatening illnesses. Scientists develop immunizations using different techniques to treat diseases. These types include: live, killed, toxoids, subunit, and conjugate vaccines. Vaccinations that are the live type use a specific process which when administered will expose the patient to the actual disease, but in a much

Hilleman’s career life was dedicated to the studying and finding relationships amongst the different diseases causing agents or viruses. As such, the presentation of the finite information about the microorganisms and their associated characteristics opens up the ground for an increased interest in learning how these viruses work to adapt or overcome the body immunity (Offit, 2007). Moreover, through the demonstrations of some of the adaptive features of viruses such as the mutations or change in the gene constitution, Hilleman has illustrated how the process of establishing the specific vaccines for each disease requires comprehensive knowledge and research of the peculiar characteristics of each virus. These elements depicted in Hilleman’s study form the tenets of microbiology and the different disciplines related to subjects such as virology or the study of bacteria. Henceforth, by reading the book, my understanding of the elements of microbiology and the processes of virus control has been emphasized (Offit, 2007). Additionally, the evaluation of the treatment and prevention procedures for some of the common diseases, especially amongst children, has motivated my interest to research and undertake more in operations surrounding vaccinations and control of disease

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a severe acute respiratory illness caused by the coronavirus named MERS-CoV. It is believed that the virus is found in camels and passed on to humans who are in contact or around infected animal. These camels are mainly located in Egypt, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia (WHO, 2015a). Those infected with MERS exhibit fever, cough, and shortness of breath, pneumonia, and diarrhea. Severe cases require patient to be put on mechanical ventilation or in an intensive care unit. It is also known to cause kidney failure and septic shock. The elderly, persons who are immunosuppressed, those who

Many people may wonder “How do vaccines work?” well according to the article, they work by “introducing diluted viruses or bacteria into a person’s body via injection”. (“Issues & Controversies”) When you are given a vaccine, your body thinks the small amount of the virus is the actual disease itself. Therefore the body’s immune system creates antibodies that help fight off the disease in which that was injected into the body. when this happens the human body is teaching the

The vaccine given to the children contained live but sufficiently weakened or attenuated viruses to stimulate immune response. The capacity to stimulate immune response was from the ability of human immune system to distinguish non-self cells that carry epitopes. First, the immune B cells with antibody would bind and engulf to process the attenuated virus. Then, helper T cells would bind to the processed virus and form plasma cell. The plasma cells then stimulate the production of more antibodies to mark virus for destruction. After destruction, some of the B cells and helper T cells left form memory cells to produce immediate response to 2nd attack of the same viruses.

al., attempted to address the issue of not only finding protective antigens against HSV-2 but delivering them in a way that activates the immune system. A therapeutic vaccine, HerpV, is a rodent equivalent heat shock protein based vaccine. Mo et. al study of HerpV consisted of 32 synthetic HSV-2 derived peptides, which covers all phases of the viral life cycle, used on HSV naive and HSV-2 induced mice and guinea pigs. In the tests with naive mice, HerpV was used as an immunization with the mice followed by a live HSV-2 challenge. Results were not statistically significant, but a measureable immune response did

The immune system utilizes vaccination as a method of triggering the immune system. Small doses of an antigen, such as either a dead or a weakened live virus, are then given to activate immune system “memory” (activated B cells and sensitized T cells), Memory allows the human body to react quickly and efficiently to future exposures with the pathogen. Through the use of the specific immune system, the immune system will develop a defence against the invading virus.

The single most essential development in the fight against infectious disease has been the creation of vaccines to inoculate individuals against a variety of incredibly dangerous viruses, bacteria, parasites, and pathogens1. Following their development in 1796, vaccinations have lead to unimaginable progress in the medical field as vaccine intervention has facilitated a reduction in the morbidity and mortality associated with infectious disease and by extension, contributed to an enhanced of quality life for all individuals1. Despite the incredible benefits associated with vaccines there is still the potential for adverse events to occur as a result of vaccination2, as no medical intervention is completely free of risk. Therefore it is essential

This learned defense system that it helps is known as the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is “a variety of protective measures which are continually functioning and provides a first-line of defense against pathogenic agents” (Clem). However, this section of our immune systems are not microbe specific, they are a generalized for all microorganisms that enter into our bodies. The innate system’s reaction includes skin, mucous membranes, normal body temperature, fever, inflammation, and a varying pH (Clem). On the other hand, the adaptive immune system is specific to pathogens, meaning the adaptive system has memory to rapidly respond to the pathogen if it invades the body a second time. The adaptive immune system includes B-cells, antibodies, and T-cells. The B-cells and antibodies are responsible for the humoral immunity which is responsible to recognize the invasion, mark the invaders, and beginning attacking. B-cells make the antibodies (Clem). The T-cells are responsible for regulating the immune responses. Vaccinations are first recognized by the innate immune system and then stimulate the adaptive immune response by introducing dead pathogens, the bacteria or virus, so that it can be ingested by white blood cells. These white blood cells stimulate the creation of antibodies to stop the invasion and mark them for “clean-up” (Clem). The function for vaccines is to introduce the immune system to the deadly diseases in a weakened form, instead of them becoming infected the normal way. Vaccines are important to help the immune system, without them the system has to learn to protect itself from dangerous pathogens by itself, leaving it vulnerable to these pathogens (Herlily,

Children are one of the most precious gifts from God that an individual can receive. Since the lives of children are so important, parents do their best to take good care of their children during their youth because they are vulnerable to many diseases due to their weak immunity. Several children suffer from sickness early in their lives, but vaccinations could stop the sicknesses from occurring. The purpose of vaccines is to give an individual immunity to a disease before it has a chance of making him or her sick. Vaccines are composed of the same germs that causes the diseases, but the germs are dead or weakened so they will not cause people to become ill. A person’s immune system reacts to a vaccine in the same

The authors created a gene-based vaccine since DNA vaccines have several advantages: the ability to quickly test several

The MERs-CoV pathogen is an enveloped RNA virus that is a genus of the Betacoronavirus which is a subtype of the coronavirinae family.6 The coronavirus gets its name from the spikes on its surface that gives it a crown or halo type

MERS-CoV is a respiratory disease that was first found in Saudi Arabia in 2012. This virus can cause people to get diseases such as the common cold to a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).

A vaccine is a basically biological preparation that provides acquired immunity to a specific disease. A vaccine contains specific antigen that produce specific antibodies It is often made from weak or killed forms of the microorganism. The antigens stimulate the body's immune system to recognize the specific agent as a alarm, work against it, and keep its memory it so that the immune system can more easily work and destroy these specific microorganisms. Vaccines is prophylactic used in most of the conditions. (23)