A Research On The Torch Program

The Chinese invented many machineries, but they did not use those machines efficiently. An example of China technological regression includes the machine to spin hemp, which was never adapted to the manufacture of cotton preventing cotton spinning from mechanized (Shiue & Wolfgang). During this time, England continued innovating and surpassed the Chinese’s empire. By the late eighteenth century, the lack of scientific innovation shows why the Chinese’s industries were falling behind and solely depended on labor-intensive industries. In addition, the lack of interest in experimenting also caused the Chinese to reduce the scope of their technological advancement. The lack of institutions that support technical progress prevented China from experiencing the Industrial Revolution. China differed from Europe because “they preferred to put their best thinking into philosophy, art and other aesthetic and academic studies, to the relative neglect of technology” (Golas, 2015). When knowledge is confined to a small group of people and especially those who are ignorant of the topic, invention could fail to emerge. In such a conservative society, people are constrained from expressing their ideas and interests. Since exploration was not encouraged in this society, technology stopped improving. Although its geography may have helped them to become the core power of the East, China could not catch up with the West because its political and social system did not support its people interest in innovation and exploration. Confucianism reinforced the notion that China was a “perfect” empire and had everything necessary. China’s centralized and superior nature led to an unwillingness to cultivate a class of technical experts. The lack of exposure to the outside world limited the Chinese people awareness of other fast growing economy like

Although, China is a great economical world power today, it is not due to The Great Leap Forward. The Great Leap Forward was a giant step backward and is considered the worst famine in human history with an “estimated 30 million people perished between 1959 and 1962”. The overwhelming desire to industrialize backfired, but became the beginning of human rights abuse caused by harsh labor conditions. In order to fund industrial programs, “the Party would use profits from the agricultural sector, therefore the first priority was to increase agricultural output. That in turn, meant full-fledged mechanization.” To achieve full-fledged mechanization, thousands of male peasants were transferred to industrial work. They left the farm work for the women and the children. For example, in 1958 “the [Henan] province allocated 1.604 billion yuan to construction projects” and Wu Zhipu, the Chinese Communist Party governor of Henan, “crowed that ‘by the end of August, the province will have built or expanded 378,000 factories and mines of all kinds,’” which proved to be true when “workers employed in the province’s state-owned enterprises more than doubled in number from 1957.” These workers were not only starved due to the mass starvation, but ridiculed with harsh government policies. “Anyone who aroused the wrath of a leader could be

In the few recent years, China has replaced United State to become the world largest economy. This Economic situation has opened an enormous number of opportunities for most industries to expand their operation from domestic market to international market. Shanghai, which is the China’s largest commercial and industrial city, focuses on 6 major industries which are information technology, automobile, large-scale electromechanical equipment, petrochemicals, heavy manufacturing and biopharmaceutical products (http://en.people.cn/200207/20/eng20020720_100055.shtml). With the virtually unlimited well-educated labour resources and the unique international location, Shanghai is

China economy experienced an incredible growth in the last few decades that made the country the 2nd largest economy in the world. When China started the program of economic reforms in 1978, it ranked 9th in nominal GDP but 35 years later it’s now ranked 2nd in the nominal GDP and been the world’s manufacturing hub. In recent years, China’s modernization propelled the tertiary sector and in 2013, it became the largest category of GDP with a share of 46.1%, while the secondary sector still accounted for a sizeable, 45% of the country’s total output. Meanwhile, the primary sector's weight in GDP has shrunk dramatically since the country opened up to the world.

During the 1950s and 1960s, the Maoist government in China implemented a socialistic economy wherein the state controlled nearly every aspect of national and economic development. The process of making the Chinese economy public took the better part of the decade, but resulted in an explosive rate of expansion. Both the nation’s industrial and agricultural sectors grew exponentially until finally reaching a tapering off point during the late 1960s.

Though the Chinese were not the first culture to have an industrial revolution, China did develop a large array of the technology that is was used at that time (Volti, 2014). Their many inventions had caused them to be named as the world’s leader of technology. Unfortunately, the Chinese ended up losing that title to the Europeans after two centuries of holding it. The Europeans were able to do this because they decided to adopt the technology of the Chinese, improve it, and use if for their own gain (Volti, 2014). The Chinese had refused to use any foreign inventions even when the Chinese joined forces with the Soviet Union to become a Communist country (Volti, 2014).

Between the year 2001 and 2006, China bought more than $ 250 billion in U.S.

• Farhoomand: National Innovation Systems of China and the Asian Newly Industrialized Economies: A Comparative Analysis. Asia Case Research Centre, University of Hong Kong, HKU392. Handed out in class.

For China, in contrast, its ‘industrious revolution’ did not prove the prelude to an industrial revolution (Jacques p31).

While the United States touts free market policies as main guiding principles, U.S. policy makers have actively used research and development (R&D) industrial policies to maintain and grow the U.S. economy. There are two types of R&D, also known as research and experimentation (R&E), funding models; one is direct federal research dollars given to industry, typically for basic research, and the other in the use of tax credits for R&D activities. Tax credit policies began in 1981 as part of the Economic Recovery Tax Act (Talley, 2011). The U.S. has long funded R&D, however this funding has steadily decreased with the total in 1976 of just over 1.2% of GDP with dropping below .8% of GDP in 2014 (AAAS, 2014a). As of 2013, South Korea, Finland, Japan, Taiwan, and Germany all outspend the U.S. on direct R&D funding relative to GDP (AAAS, 2014b). The IMF and OECD indicate that R&D tax credits are a main growth strategy for the G-20 nations (IMF, 2014). This research topics explores how the United States domestic industrial policies supporting research and development influence business and entrepreneurial behaviors within the U.S., which industries has this benefited the most, overall societal impacts of advancements in technology and automation, and finally how this supports comparative advantage for the United States as well as implications for developing nations.

​In 1971, The People’s Republic of China established their first free enterprise zone, or as they call it “special economic zones”. China’s purpose was not so much based on the advantage of creating more jobs, but instead was

The Chinese are an emerging economy that has taken over the world's production in recent years. In fact China is now considered to be the world's factory, as all the major players in the world outsource all or some of their manufacturing activities to the country. All this would not have been possible without the help of technology and with the state of globalization being such, that logistics and distances are becoming shorter and shorter.

Taiwan started off as a poor island, and through its time it started to grow. With the help of the National Transit Database, Taiwan started to produce and changes in the structure of Taiwan’s industry begun to show that the whole economy was starting to increase. The orientation of business start-ups were redirected to IT industries and service sectors, making Taiwan, what it is now, one of the worlds largest leading electronic hardware manufacturing businesses. This success was largely recognised in two distinct features; 1) “the physical state of distinctive social capital inherent in the Chinese family entrepreneurs” and 2) “the institutional support from the government and other entities, such as technology perks for the creation of scientific and technical knowledge, and most important, the diffusion and exploitation of technology based opportunities by

In this report, there are five countries (Japan, the USA, the UK, Germany and China) compared at the macro level, which is about the origin of resource, input amount on R&D, numbers of degree holders in science and engineering, efficiency, innovative capacity index and relation to policy. The resources for Japan’s innovation is mostly from private firms, universities and public research institutes; for America it is mainly from non-U.S. firms as well as universities (Buiges, 2009). For the UK, Germany and China, the origin of the national innovation system is the governments of those countries.

China’s patent system can be traced back to the late Qing Dynasty when China began signing international treaties. For example, on August 18, 1903, China and the United States agreed on a treaty on navigation and commerce. The treaty provided for a “reciprocal patent-granting arrangement whereby citizens of one contracting party could apply for and secure patent rights for their inventions in the other contracting party.”1 After the Qing Dynasty was over thrown in 1911, the