A Research Study Of Sodium

• *Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and of RNA molecules. Reference Table 4.1.

World War Two resulted in a chaotic destruction that overwhelmed Europe. These feelings of dismay are concisely summarized in Ruta Sepetys’ Salt of the Sea.. An impactful quote states, “war had bled color from everything, leaving nothing but a storm of gray.” The war in 1945 had drained any and all feelings of hope and spirit out of European people. In it’s wake, the war left a cloud of devastation and despair. Florian and Joana have to overcome this war, their fate, and guilt in order to return to their past selves and survive their journey in a German and Russian warzone.

The 1954 film Salt of the Earth directed by Herbert J. Biberman, is set in New Mexico and is about the Hispanic miners working for Delaware Zinc, a mining company, and the plot of the movie is about how the miners go on strike till they are treated equally the same as the other non-Hispanic miners. The miners’ strike goes on for months and the company decides to hold out on the workers by scaring the old workers with new miners to take their jobs, and during that time the wives of the miners decided to take it upon themselves to put themselves on the frontlines with the men because the women are also fighting for something else sanitation. News gets out about the strike and many supporters send letters with money

d. In 3.a (above) you mutated one letter. What role do you think the redundancy of the genetic code plays in this type of change?

d. In 3.a (above) you mutated one letter. What role do you think the redundancy of the genetic code plays in this type of change?

7. Why are mutations at the beginning of a gene more damaging than at the end? Because nearly the entire sequence would be frame shifted. If the mutation occurs at the end, then it is possible that the small fraction of the gene affected is not

Some mutations are harmful, however the mutations which are

Some chemicals can induce the modification of bases: Note: Conversion of C to U will result in a C:G to A:T mutation after replication

1. Mutation is a driving force for the evolution of a species. Describe the 3 main mutations that can occur in a gene, and the impact those mutations will have on protein structure/function. (5 pts)

“Salt, A World History,” is an extensive aspect of world history by Earth’s one edible rock - salt. The book begins at the start of recorded history, and highlights humanity’s dependence on salt, up to roughly present day times. It focuses on the effect salt had on, and its contributions to, humankind. The book details how salt affected, economics, religion, science, and culinary practices all over the world.

1. Mutation is a driving force for the evolution of a species.  Describe the 3 main mutations that can occur in a gene, and the impact those mutations will have on protein structure/function. (5 pts)

Gene expression is regulated by the cell, and genetic mutations can cause permanent changes in the cell’s genetic material. Specifically, one type of mutation that occurs in a cell’s DNA is a nonsense point mutation. In this type of mutation, a chemical change in only one nitrogenous base results in a premature stop codon. This causes the translation to end early. In the given strand of DNA, the nitrogenous base Adenine was affected. Thymine was substituted in Adenine’s place. Therefore, the amino acid chain was altered, causing a premature stop codon. The sequence no longer continued after the stop codon was in place due to the mutation. However, if no mutation occurred, the polypeptide

When DNA replicates or its transcribed into RNA can cause changes in the sequence of bases which makes up the genetic code. Know that a set of three bases in a gene in DNA codes for a particular amino acid.

Spontaneous mutations occur during a normal cell process creating genetic changes (text p.206). There are varying types of spontaneous mutations including, silent, missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations. How are these mutations the same and how are they different? Silent, missense, and nonsense mutations all occur when base substitutions happen (text p.206). A base substitution is when the wrong nucleotide is incorporated during DNA synthesis, this is the most common mutation (lecture). In a silent mutation a base substitution occurs, incorporating an incorrect nucleotide, the result is a codon that codes for an amino acid that is the same as the wild type (text p. 206). In a missense mutation, the resulting mutant codon does not

Salt is a raw material that is located below the surface. The salt deposits are dissolved in the water and then the brine is pumped and converted into salt crystals. When the brine is being boiled the liquid evaporates which leaves salt crystals and then they are later dried. A process like this takes about six weeks and can produce up to 45 tons per hour. After taking out all the scale buildup, only 75 percent of that salt is produced. Then we move to the round can production, which has two parallel high-speed production lines. There are 12 workers for each line and they break off into 2 identical lines. Each line can produce 9600 cans per hour. Because the production process has common procedures, workers on the line perform low-skilled, repetitive tasks that can be operated by 18 workers. These cans are in a shape of a cylinder with a top and bottom. The top part has a plastic pour spout and the cylinder is made from 2 sheets of chipboard. There is a two-step process in cutting the tub and first we cut it into long sections and then they are cut into can-sized pieces. The two sheets are glued together, which keeps the moisture out. The cans are then filled with salt and the pour spout is put in. The cans are then placed in pallets and shipped.