A Research Study On Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease occurring in women in Saudi society. After study and research, it found that two-thirds of the injuries in the Saudi society are diagnosed in advanced stages. The reasons for that are the lack of education for necessary of Self-examination and clinical examination annual, leading to the spread of the disease further. In addition to genetic changes, environmental pollution, bad lifestyle , Obesity ,Lack of exercise are also factors that helped in the spread of the disease. The delayed age of marriage and lack of breastfeeding are the risk factors for breast cancer(1,10,14).Early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer is important for successful treatment selection , and increase mortality rate of breast cancer.

We have all seen the pink ribbons. They have become a national, if not international symbol for breast cancer support and awareness. Breast cancer knows neither racial boundaries nor age restrictions. Females of all ages and ethnicities can develop breast cancer and it is the leading most common cancer among women. Calling attention to this often fatal disease is important by supporting its victims, families and friends of victims, as well as raising funds for breast cancer research. Though males are not immune from developing a breast cancer, for the purposes of this paper, this paper will be limited to information relating breast cancer in females.

Lydia is a 45-year-old Caucasian premenopausal female who is visiting her PCP for her annual physical examination. Part of her physical examination includes a 'ladies exam' including PAP smear and breast examination. On breast exam you note a small, painless lump in the right upper outer quadrant. There is no nipple discharge but dimpling was noted around the area of the lump when sitting upright. Lydia does practice breast self examination but not regularly. She has never had a mammogram. She is used to having lumps in her breast that seem to come and go with her menses and was told, in the past, she has fibrocystic breast disease. This particular lump did not resolve after her period, but she did not think anything of it since it was not painful.

Breast cancer is a type of cancer where a malignant tumor is formed in the breast, which continually grows and infects the surrounding tissues [1]. This type of cancer is the most common type of cancer found in women. On average about 26% of women developed breast cancer in 2015 [2]. There are multiple signs and symptoms that can help one become aware if they have the disease. The most prominent key feature is the presence of a lump in your breast or armpit. Such signs may be indicative of breast cancer. In addition changes in the breast and the skin around it are also good indicators. So if the skin around your breast as well as the surrounding nipple becomes puckered or dimpled, it is recommended to go and consult a physician. The inverting or crusting of the nipple may also present as symptoms. However, these are all early onset signs. If the cancer has been in your body for a longer period of time, one might experience things such as bone pain, nausea, weight loss, shortness of breath etc. This is usually an indicative point that the cancer has spread to different parts of the body. If the cancer continues to persist in the body without treatment, it can result in various detrimental effects. The symptoms one may already have are likely to worsen with the addition of new symptoms. Though every cancer differs in its effects and symptoms, the ideology behind it remains the same in that the body is unable to control cell division. Therefore, the cancer will continue to grow

Regarding the autonomy of patients, Susan has not the right to decide the treatment she wants due to her mental illness. Furthermore, when she requests a brain scan the doctor was not sure if that will help in the diagnosis but he orders a test because she wants that. However, Patients with physiological factitious disorder attempt to make up signs and symptoms to show an illness or disease. So, it is one of the doctor's duty to convince her about the risk of taking those medications without having the disease. As she suggests taking acetylcholinesterase inhibitors because she believes she has dementia although this drug has several side effects including Headache, Insomnia, and Vomiting. Finally, as she mentioned she is aware of the drugs

Cancer Incidence cases for New York City, 2008-2012, the annual average of new breast cancer cases is 5,544.8, of which 824.6 (15%) of those cases are reported in the county of the Bronx. The incidence rate is highest among women ranging from ages 40 - 64, who account for 453.6 (55%) of those affected. Among these groups of women, the annual average cases are higher among those 60 to 64 years of age, making up 24% of those diagnosed, followed by women in the age group of 55 to 59 who make up almost 22% of new cases among the 40 to 64 age group. The average annual cases for African American women in New York City are 1567.6, (28%) of the total average annual cases. African American women in the Bronx make up

illness, it will be client and family based care to include her partner and her mother with

Breast cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the tissue of the breast and spread to the surrounding area of the breast. This cancer most normally begins from the inner lobules of the breast, which are called the ducts and is better known as the part of the breast that makes milk. After a woman develops cancer, she is tested to determine what type of cancer she has and which treatment is best for her. Some treatments for cancer are surgery, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy and radiation. In the present day, surgery is nevertheless the best choice when dealing with breast cancer. It increases the rate of survive for breast cancer by removing the cancer cell from the breast. In recent studies, the number of women getting breast cancer has

six cycles of neoadjuvant single-agent cisplatin, and only4 (15%) achieved complete response (CR), after exclusion

I never thought my Great Grandma would have died from breast cancer after she had beaten it three years before it came back. When it did come back in January of 2014 it was very scary because she was already 90 and had beaten once before in 2011 but now she was older and much more brittle because she had had a heart attack in between 2011 and 2014. We didn't really expect her to live much longer but we didn't expect her to leave so fast.

Breast cancer is a serious disease that takes place in the cells of the breast. It is detected in many things, such as finding a lump or a change in how the breast looks. It is important to know how breast cancer works and the many parts that contribute to the knowledge of the disease. Famous actress Angelina Jolie brought breast cancer into the spotlight when she decided to get a double mastectomy. In the article “The Angelina Effect” that came from Times magazine, she reveals her reasons for getting the surgery, which was received with much controversy and mixed opinions. In this following paper, the genes that contribute to breast cancer, genetic testing, breast cancer being passed down, and Angelina

Breast Cancer accounts for more than 20 percent of cancer in women, and is the primary cause of cancer death among women globally.1 Despite extensive scientific research on the disease, the outlook on a cure arguably remains poor. While some breast cancer survivors and women at high risk remain hopeful that soy intake will reduce the risk or even cure cancer, the recommendations are conflicting. For decades, the relationship between soy foods, supplements, phytoestrogen intake and cancer has prompted considerable debate for scientists and clinicians. Patients with breast cancer are frequently advised to avoid soy foods.2 And, the American Cancer Society recommends “breast cancer survivors consume only moderate amounts of

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of high mortality and morbidity in women population worldwide. Up to date, no effective breast cancer treatment has been developed and this has motivated academic scientists for the quest for alternative drugs and the discovery of drug targets. Increasing evidence suggests that carotenoids, which are micronutrients in fruit and vegetables, reduce breast cancer risk [1]. Previous findings suggest a protective role of α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin and lycopene in breast cancer risk [2, 3]. Lycopene, a known major carotenoid detected in human plasma, is known to hold the most robust anticancer and chemopreventive properties as demonstrated in clinical trials and animal models of various cancers including mammary cancer, prostate cancer [4] and brain cancer. In vitro and in vivo studies have reported that lycopene prevents the growth of different cancer cells of different organs and inhibits chemically induced carcinogenesis in animal models. Although the excellent antioxidant property of lycopene is most likely the basis for its preventive role toward cancer, the direct anticancer activities of lycopene through multiple mechanisms are disclosed, including regulation of growth factor signaling, cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis induction, and changes in antioxidant and phase II detoxifying enzymes. The anti-inflammatory activity of lycopene is also considered as an important determinant that suppresses the

Breast Cancer is on the fore-front of modern tumor research and scientists are continually seeking for new ways to treat and prevent cancer progression. Current treatments by hormone-dependent drugs like Tamoxifen and Raloxifene focus on estrogen receptor inhibition in mammary and endometrial cell lines. This group of drugs are known as selective-estrogen receptor modulators or SERMS, which are effective in estrogen-receptor positive (ER+) and hormone-estrogen receptor 2 positive (HER2+) breast cancers . Currently , researchers have turned their attention to retinoids – materials similar to vitamin A, which control cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, and gene suppression in both normal and cancerous epithelial tissues. Specifically, fenretinide, a synthetic retinoid, is of particular interest for treating epithelial breast cancer after yielding positive results in inducing apoptosis in in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials. Fenretinide’s exact functions in the cell for chemo-preventative use are still being discovered, such as its supposed relationship with the nuclear retinoid receptors RARɣ and RXR β, which control cell growth and apoptosis, and its effect on insulin-growth factor (IGF) receptors, which are high risk factors for breast cancer. Fenretinide has been discovered inducing cell death by other novel means through receptor-independent mechanisms . Combination therapy of fenretinide and Tamoxifen together has shown greater effect on

Michael H., a 68-year-old man, was admitted for exploratory surgery of his abdomen. He is frail, and his attending physician describes him as “emotionally labile.” Marcy R. is a social worker at BFL General Hospital, who is assigned to the unit that Michael H has been admitted. After Michael’s surgery, Marcy R. was approached by Michael H.’s daughter, Ellen B. in which Ellen has told Marcy that her father’s physician had just informed her that the lab report from the exploratory surgery shows that her father has terminal cancer. Ellen said that she and the family are in shock and they have decided that they not want the hospital staff to tell her father about the terminal nature of his cancer once he recovers from anesthesia. In this essay, I will discuss the ethical dilemma of “to tell Michael or not to tell him he has terminal cancer. He has the right to confidentiality by not withholding information from him when he has been diagnosed with terminal cancer, informed consent, and self-determination.