A Research Study On Cancer Essay

Cancer is a word that no one wants to hear or think about, however there are many people

In Chapter 27 “The Secret to Immortality” of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Rebecca Skloot provided an explanation to why HeLa cells were “immortal” unlike other mortal cancer cells; the p53 tumor suppressor gene had been “turned off” by the Human Papilloma Virus Lacks had. She mentions how according to the Hayflick Limit, human cell’s were able to replicate an average of fifty times. In addition, she explains how telomeres in cells shrink slightly every time the cell divides. According to Aging Cell’s 2004 article “The Cellular Lifespan and Senescence Signalring in Embryonic Stem Cells,” tumor cells “have high telomerase activity” yet they are not immortal. HeLa cells, similarly to Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells have the tumor suppressor gene p53 turned off. This differentiates HeLa from other tumor cells; while other tumor cells will replicated more than the average cell and eventually reach senescence, HeLa continues to replicate to this day thanks to the HPV virus that turned off its

Therefore, the most notable P53-induced mechanisms in mediating this response are cell cycle arrest and apoptosis [18], which activation depends on the cellular context and the extent of damage [20].

Cancer is characterized by unregulated/uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. The etiological factors of Cancer include both external factors (tobacco, infectious organisms, chemicals, and radiation) and inherent factors (inherited mutations, hormones, immune conditions, and mutations that occur from metabolism). The etiological factors may act together or in sequence to trigger the development of cancer. It may take several years for the manifestation of the disease to be obvious after the initial trigger.

Cancer is defined as a disease caused by an uncontrollable division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. Cancer can be caused by many variables in one’s environment and the variables that are more likely to cause cancer are often referred to carcinogens. Carcinogens are harmful factors that can increase one’s chance of developing a form of cancer. Carcinogens can be anything from ultra violet rays to dust particles from wood; tobacco is one of the most well-known carcinogens because it increases one’s chances of developing lung cancer by a stagger amount. The reason tobacco has the ability to make such an impact is because tobacco contains more than 70 carcinogens altogether. When it comes down to it, the carcinogens are all working together

The body is made up of hundreds of millions of living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a person’s life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair injuries. Cancer begins when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. There are many kinds of cancer, but they all start because of out-of-control growth of abnormal cell (American Cancer Society, 2010).

All throughout the body, cells are reproducing then dying. It is a part of life in which we maintain homeostasis. This is what scientists know as programmed cell death. The cell turnover within the body depends on what type of cell and what it is used for. These mechanisms take place over and over within the bodies of many animals, including humans. In fact, human began life as just “one fertilized egg cell.” Genetic regulation of programmed cell death and organ development was a concern for Sydney Brenner, Robert Horvitz, and John Sulston. Their scientific discoveries have enhanced biological and medical research by allowing scientists to understand how these processes are regulated. In this essay I will explore Caenorhabditis elegans, cell lineage, and programmed cell death in which the article goes in depth with.

Cancer is caused by a malignant growth or tumour as a direct result on the uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in any part of the body. There are more than 100 different types of cancer, which each type of cancer being named after the organ of its origin. Normal cells divide uncontrollably into hyperplasia, then again into dysplasia before finally turning into cancer, although at the hyperplasia and dysplasia stage,

During my research I learned a lot about cancer. I focused on the history, affected people, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. I used evidence from websites and medical journals to back up my research. After completing my research I have more understanding about the people that are having their lives affected by cancer. A problem I found with cancer is expensive, painful and hard to go through. Therefore I think people should be able to make their end of life decision when faced with cancer. There is a lot of research occurring now around the world, we need to keep up the research to find a cure for cancer.

Cancer is a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells. In a cancerous cell cycle, the cell ignores the signals that tell them to stop, and it just keeps dividing. Normal cells stop dividing when your body do not need anything else, but cancer cells just continue to go through cell cycle to make more copies. Also, cancer cells do not need anything to stimulated their growth, and it can spread to other parts of the body. The most common causes of cancer are tobacco, alcohol, overweight, obesity, dietary factors, physical inactivity, chronic infections, radiation, sun and UV exposure. The most common types of cancer are lung (158,080 deaths per year), liver (27,170 deaths per year), stomach (10,730 deaths per year),colorectal

The cause of cancer is when the DNA of that cell is mutated, but instead of that cell dying or repairing itself, it continues in its cell cycle which includes producing more cells with the

Cancers that are associated with environmental risk factors have to do with where they spend most of their time (usually where they live). Some examples of cancers that can be passed on genetically are breast and ovarian cancer. The mutated genes of a parent can be inherited by their children causing them to get the same cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes that can be mutated to cause breast and ovarian cancers. Some examples of cancers caused by environmental factors are lung and skin cancer. People who smoke tend to get lung cancer because when they inhale cigarette smoke and there are chemicals in it that cause cancer. Radiation, specifically from the sun, can cause skin cancer because it damages the DNA in the cells, which causes mutations of the cells. According to a surgeon named Sanjiv Haribhakti, “only 5–10% of all cancer cases can be attributed to genetic defects, whereas the remaining 90–95% have their roots in the environment and lifestyle.” In other words people are more likely to get cancer due to environmental factors and not by inheriting

The number of cells is closely regulated by the rate of cell division and the rate of cell death. When cells become unneeded, they activate an intracellular death program and commit suicide. This process is often known as apoptosis. Cells die for numerous reasons. For instance, cell death regulates cell numbers and can adjust the number of cells needed for a particular function. When a structure a cell forms is no longer needed, the cell will die. Cells can become damaged or stressed and trigger an activation from within the cell to kill itself. Proteolytic enzymes called capases mediate apoptosis by triggering cell death by cleaving proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus. The triggering process is initiated by death signals by either extracellular or intracellular signals. Response to signals coming from

The mechanism resulting in CCAM is thought to include an imbalance between cell proliferation and apoptosis (i.e., increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis).

One in five deaths today is a result of some form of cancer. This terrible disease stems from mutations in body cells, which interfere with the cells’ normal regulation of growth, division, and death. Cells can make occasional mistakes and divide too early or not destroy themselves at the right time (Alberts et al. 2014). The Hayflick limit, described in 1961 by Leonard Hayflick, states that normal human cells can divide for about 50 times (Watts 2011). In cancers, though, this limit does not exist, and cells continually divide. Occasional mistakes do not have tremendous consequences on large, multicellular organisms, however. When many cells begin to make these mistakes, though, tumorigenesis and cancer can occur.