A Research Study On Nanotechnology

Research Theme: Building on the building blocks of life: Nanoscale materials for investigating biologically inspired and environmentally important systems.

These edge regions are where the oxygen functional groups are located. Previous studies have shown that carbon surfaces are made up of graphene layer surfaces and oxygen containing functional groups on the edges9. The most common oxygen functional groups on the carbon surface are lactone, carboxyl, phenol/quinine, carbonyl and ether groups25. Furthermore, quinine functional groups are considered responsible for the activated carbon reactivity along with lactones that participate in redox reactions. The carboxyl groups are responsible for adsorption of heavy metal ions such as silver by participating in ion exchange

In Diamonds, there are 4 electrons being shared with 4 atoms. This means that the graphite structure is stronger than the diamond structure. Graphite becomes soft because of the van der Waals force (the sum of the attractive or repulsive forces between molecules) If it wasn’t for this force, graphite would be stronger than a diamond. Graphite is metallic and Diamonds are not because of the hexagon structure in Graphite. Diamonds do not conduct electricity because there are no left over electrons to move in the structure and carry the electric current.

Different structural arrangements in the carbon atoms determine the outcome of the mineral. Diamonds are the hardest mineral; they are formed under a covalent bond which is very strong. Graphite on the other hand is one of the softest; it is held with a softer bond. Despite the difference in structure, both of these minerals are made from the same substance, pure carbon.

The idea of nanotechnology was first discovered by nobel prize winner physicist Richard Feynman in 1959. In the 1980 the first SPM was developed by IBM scientist in zurich. In 1991 a new form of carbon was discovered, the nanotube which was soon later on used for one of the building block for nanomaterial and nanomachines. In 1986 a book written by Eric Drexler spared the public interest in nanotechnology since the the NNI started by president Bill Clinton invested millions which in 2020 would turn into one trillion dollars. Nanotechnology is used in many things today like sunscreen, cars, in computers, medicine and in many other things to come in the future and in today's day and

Graphite is a form of carbon which is an element. In graphite, the carbon atoms are joined together and arranged in layers. The links between the carbon atoms in the layer are strong, but the links between the layers are weak. The layers easily slip over each other. That's why graphite in a pencil is soft and you can see a mark when you write with it on paper.

Carbon is the fundamental element for everything on Earth. All life on Earth depends on carbon. Carbon has different forms of allotropes including diamond, graphene and charcoal. Carbon is found in position 12, with 4 colvalent electrons. All the allotropes have different properties nd uses due to how the carbon atoms are bonded. Carbon is able to single, double and triple bond with other elements to form complex molecules. Carbon can also use its four electrons to form diamond, where it is strong and stable, or three electrons to form graphite found in pencils, buckyball or all forms of nanocarbon including carbon nanotube.

Graphene is easy to make you only need Scotch tape and some pencil lead (carbon is not lead it is graphite). It is one of the most versatile elements and is in all forms of steel. Due to graphite being so soft it is a great lubricant and can be bought in a very fine powder for that application. Diamonds are one of the hardest material. Diamonds have found applications in jewelry to tools and equipment. The best tools you can buy have micro diamonds inserted into the metal of the tools. Diamond drill bits are able to drill into hardened metal without breaking or severely disfiguring the bits. However if you heat diamonds up to much they will be oxidized into carbon dioxide. Fires make micro diamonds that almost immediately burn up. The structural difference of these two forms are interesting. The graphite has a hexagonal structure, and the diamond has a square crystalline structure which accounts for its hardness. Since carbon is a group 4a element, meaning it has two inner electrons and four outer and needs four or to give four electrons to get its perfect form, and most bonds of carbon are hexagonal or like a tree with branches coming off from the carbon. Carbon has the highest number of possible bonds of all of the elements, which is why it is the basis of life and organisms are able to be so different.

While graphene has become one of the leading researched materials in electronics it was found that large area graphene does not have as many useful properties as graphene nanoribbons. The nanoribbons are graphene that has a finite width.

Diamond is one of the most commonly known carbon allotropes. One of the properties that it is known for is how hard it is. It is a natural material with the highest reading on the Vickers and Mohs scale. Diamond also has a very high thermal conductivity. The reason it has these properties is mainly due how the atoms are structured. This structure is a varied version of a face-centered cubic and is called a diamond lattice. These two properties are what diamonds are used for in major industrial application. Since diamonds are always decaying to graphite, the properties vary depending on the perfection of the crystal lattice and its orientation. Diamonds have other less important properties when it comes to being used in industry. The difference in colours of diamonds, depends on impurities in the crystal lattice structure that alters the wavelength of light that is absorbed. They also have, luster, fluorescence, optical absorption, electrical properties, thermal conductivity, and thermal stability. Diamonds are known for being used as jewelry, however the majority of mined diamonds are used for industrial purposes. Since diamonds are super hard, they can be put into drill bits in order to cut other really hard materials. They can cut other softer gemstones into a symmetrical or more beautiful shape so they can be sold. Diamonds are used to conduct heat, they are used to coat microchips to conduct electricity, and they are used in many

Carbon has two forms, Diamond and Graphite, thus they appear in different colours. Diamond is transparent and Graphite is black. Diamonds are amongst the hardest of materials and are utilised to cut glass and steel. Graphite is additionally a type of carbon however it is utilised to make pencil leads and rubs of effortlessly on paper. On the off chance that Diamonds and graphite are made out of the same element than what gives them diverse properties. Carbon is usually found in a

Sometimes, the greatest breakthrough originates from something simple. In the case of graphene, the breakthrough started when scientists began to slice graphite, a common substance present in pencil, atom by atom. When it reaches to an atom thick, each single layer is known as graphene. It turns from being a humble pencil lead to a revolutionary material that may earn the title ‘material of the decade’. The properties of graphene are extraordinary, it is recorded as the best electrical and thermal conductor in the world. Even though the material is known to be harder than a diamond, it successfully shocked scientists for its flexibility. These facts sparked the curiosity of scientists and encouraged them to explore more of this material.

Graphene of the highest quality and best structural integrity is acquired by mechanical exfoliation of highly oriented graphite . As graphene produced in this method is structurally superior, it is used as a reference and new methods are compared relative to it. However, although mechanically exfoliated graphene exhibits low amounts of

One would at first believe that it is pure imagination, when told what nanotechnology is, it is going to completely change the way that we act, think, and as a whole, change the way that our society works and interacts within itself. In other words, dictionary.com has defined nanotechnology as "A technology executed on the scale of less than 100 nanometers, thegoal of which is to control individual atoms and molecules, especially tocreate computer chips and other microscopic devices.", this means, that nanotech operates on a scale 1,0 × 10-9 meters to 1,0 × 10-7 meters. To give a mental representation of this, if a marble were a nanometer, then one meter would be the size of the Earth(http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition). Just having to imagine that number is complicated confusing. Already now, the number seems to be impossible to even imagine, but the mere fact that nanotechnology is a tech that operates and interferes with these molecules on a molecular level is just fascinating.

Graphene is a form of carbon which has recently been receiving a great deal of attention. Some have come to call it “the wonder material” due to its many extraordinary properties. Although isolated in 2004, graphene's properties had been calculated decades earlier. It consists of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. A single sheet of graphene is stronger than steel and yet remains very flexible, retaining all of its properties despite being bent and unbent multiple times. It is able to sustain extremely high electric current densities, is impermeable to all gasses, has a thermal conductivity double that of diamond and a very high electron mobility at room temperature. It is also easily chemically functionalized,