A Research Study On Pacemaker Implantation

An electrical stimulus was applied to the heart; the following graph shows the refractory period of the frog’s heart when an extra-systole was induced. It can be seen that right after the recording was marked “Refractory 3,” an extra-systole was detected.

CMS received a request to examine a list of ICD–10–PCS procedure code combinations that describe procedures involving pacemakers to determine if some procedure code combinations were excluded from the ICD–10 MS–DRG assignments for MS–DRGs 242, 243, and 244 (Permanent Cardiac Pacemaker Implant with MCC, with CC, and without CC/MCC). CMS proposed to modify the ICD–10 MS– DRG logic so that if certain ICD–10– PCS procedure codes describing procedures involving pacemaker devices listed is reported in combination with one of the ICD–10–PCS procedure codes describing procedures involving certain leads, the case would be assigned to MS–DRGs 242, 243, and 244. CMS also examined their GROUPER logic for MS–DRGs 258 and 259 (Cardiac Pacemaker Device Replacement with and without MCC, respectively). Assignments of cases to these MS–DRGs also include qualifying ICD–10–PCS procedure code combinations describing procedures that involve the removal of pacemaker devices and the insertion of new devices. They thought their logic was overly complex and felt a more simplified approach would be to create a list of all ICD–10–PCS procedure codes describing procedures involving cardiac pacemaker device insertions.

The mitral valve is located on the left side of the heart between the left atrium and left ventricle. The purpose of the mitral valve is to form a seal between these two chambers of the heart to prevent the back flow of blood. When blood enters the left side of the heart, it is oxygenated and enters through the pulmonary veins. The blood then travels through the left atrium; the bicuspid (mitral) valve then opens to let the blood flow down to the left ventricle. The left ventricle contracts, causing the mitral valve to close (preventing the backflow of blood).When the left ventricle contracts it is pumping the blood out to the remainder of the body. (Jenkins, 2007)

The physician inserts a tissue valve into the bigger artery there, and then takes the valve up to the

Cardioversion. During this procedure medicines or an electrical shock are given to make the heart beat normally.

McCarty and Shaffer (2015) state "we now know that the normal resting rhythm of the heart is highly variable rather than being monotonously regular..." (p. 47) showing the need for a new type of control technique. As a stand-alone treatment, HRV is shown to influence the regulatory system of the heart allowing for controlled, rhythmic beating in the patient using the HRV biofeedback device.

The atria and ventricles are separated by valves known as the AV valves. The purpose of these valves is to prevent blood from flowing in the wrong direction. Following the movement of blood from the atrium, into the ventricle, the AV valve snaps shut which causes the first heart sound of the heart beat. The beat is caused by the closing of two other valves.

Double-outlet right ventricle surgery is a procedure to repair double-outlet right ventricle, a heart defect that makes it hard for your child’s heart to pump oxygen-rich blood to the body.

These are common |-EKG monitoring- to monitor the electrical activity of the heart and dysrhythmias. |

Moreover, atrial stimulation close to the AV BT insertion site results in maximal preexcitation. Failure of atrial stimulation to increase the amount of preexcitation can occur because of markedly enhanced AVN conduction, the presence of another AV BT, or pacing-induced block in the AV BT due to the long ERP of the BT (Kuo et al, 1996).

A Holter monitor is a small device that is used to detect abnormal heart rhythms. It clips to your clothing and is connected by wires to flat, sticky disks (electrodes) that attach to your chest. It is worn continuously for 24–48 hours.

The bulky external mechanism worked by using vacuum tubes to generate electrical pulses into an insulated wire inserted inside of the jugular vein.34 This allowed the device to deliver shocks to the right atrium and keep the heart beating mechanically.35 The pacemaker could also change the heart rate or even restart the heart itself.36

The wave spreads through the atria before reaching the atrioventricular node, or AV node, located just above the right ventricle. The AV node focuses the wave into the ventricles, contracting the ventricles. Should the SA node fail, the AV node can take over as the primary pacemaker at a rate of forty to sixty beats per minute.

To perform a cardiac catheterization the cardiologist will insert a sheath, or a short tube usually into the femoral artery. A long very thin catheter will then be fed through the sheath and guided through the arteries until it is in the heart and coronary arteries. The physician uses fluoroscopy equipment to guide the catheter into the coronary arteries. To allow for clear viewing of the coronary arteries, contrast material is injected into the catheter. As the contrast material flows through the heart chambers and coronary arteries x-rays are taken. The

• sinoatrial node- is the impulse-generating (pacemaker) tissue located in the right atrium of the heart, and thus the generator of normal sinus rhythm.