A Research Study On Pre Eclampsia

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During pregnancy women experience an increased appetite and cravings, or distaste of other food types (Niebyl, 2010). It is theorised that NV in pregnancy occurs due to evolutionary change, it’s advantageous to pregnant women by avoiding food which may contain microorganisms or unsafe toxins. The relationship between hCG and NVP are linked into protection of the vital development and formation of the embryo in the early to second trimester of pregnancy by avoiding potentially harmful foods (Lee & Saha, 2011).

As a society we have advanced immensely and swiftly in multiple areas such as science, medicine, and technology. Because of these advancements we are seeing a spike in C-sections and other practices in pregnancy such as induction drugs and epidurals. We may want to reconsider some of the trending practices that are not always necessary and cause dangerous outcomes for mother and child. Woman need to say no to medical interventions during pregnancy unless absolutely necessary and opt for a more natural approach as that is what our bodies were designed to do on their own, and have done for thousands of years. What sparked my interest in the subject was having some

Thank you for the opportunity to participate in the care of Ms. Katie Greene, who as you know is a 21yo female, G3 P2002, currently at 30 weeks 1 day EGA with a pregnancy complicated by maternal history of chronic HTN for which she remains on labetalol 100 mg b.i.d. and her BP appears well-controlled on today’s visit and maternal obesity with a prepregnancy BMI of > 47.

This assignment is to research and review a minor disorder that some women can experience while being pregnant. By understanding facts and demonstrating the physiological changes and adaptions that occur in relation to pregnancy can create empathetic midwives. Focusing on education and support through woman-centered care and displaying primary health practices in a professional setting.

Preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome and eclampsia are part of a spectrum of hypertensive disorders specific to pregnancy, which are a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity worldwide (Lowdermilk, Perry, Cashion, & Alden, 2015). The root cause of preeclampsia is the placenta: in a healthy pregnancy, the muscular components of the uterine spiral arteries are replaced by cytotrophoblastic tissue from the fetus which then erodes the myometrium, causing the arteries to widen and lose their vasoconstrictive properties (Gilbert, 2010). This increases the diameters of the uterine spiral arteries to 4 to 6 times their nonpregnant size, allowing increased blood volume to flow to the placenta. In preeclampsia cytotrophoblastic tissue fails to widen the maternal spiral arteries, and the pressure in the maternal vascular system increases and defective placentation (defined as decreased tissue perfusion in the placenta) occurs. Ischemia in the placenta triggers the release of antiendothelial factors that are toxic to endothelial cells, leading to endothelial cell dysfunction. Because endothelial cells line all the blood vessels, this leads to multiorgan system involvement. Destruction of endothelial cells in the blood vessels causes decreased production of vasodilators such as prostacyclin and nitric oxide. Preeclampsia affects 2 to 7 percent of first time mothers, and is most common in mothers younger than 19 or older than 40 (Lowdermilk, Perry, Cashion, & Alden, 2015).

The brain has been effected in many different ways. Think of a developing brain as constructing a barn. The first thing you would need to do is prepare the foundation. The first step is always important because it set the base of everything. Just like an infant’s brain, you always want to do everything in your power in order to protect it. The early years of a child's brain seems to be the most important years of their life. The damage that the brain sustain while in the womb could negatively affect them the rest of their life. With the sudden rise of so many different health cases a pregnant mother endures, it is difficult to estimate how many children around the world will be negatively

High blood pressure among pregnant women is a common occurrence, especially during the second and third trimester. Hypertension is a result of high blood pressure and can cause increased cardiac output and blood volume. In pregnant women, this is called pregnancy-induced hypertension. Hypertension along with proteinuria, protein excretion in urine, is known as pre-eclampsia. If left untreated, pre-eclampsia can lead to eclampsia. Fetal and maternal mortality, cerebral palsy, and morbidity risks increase with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, due to lack of blood flow. Pregnant women’s serum levels of minerals have been shown to decrease during pregnancy, most likely due to the increased nutritional needs due to the growing fetus. Pregnant women with pre-eclampsia have been shown to have slightly lower levels of magnesium when compared to healthy pregnant women. This suggests the deficiency of magnesium could be related to the pre-eclampsia.1-4 The effect of magnesium in pregnant women has been a strong topic to study. In fact, some studies have used magnesium as a form of treatment for pre-eclampsia. Magnesium has been shown to provide mild vasodilation in pregnant women, which improves circulation for mother and baby.4-7 Although studies have shown to use magnesium as a treatment, there have been few on using magnesium as a preventative measure for high blood pressure in pregnant women.

This guideline presents the 2014 proposed clinical practice guidelines in the treatment of severe pre-eclamspia and eclampsia.

The main aim of treatment of GDM patient is to ensure the blood glucose level of a GDM pregnant woman is equal to those normal pregnant women that do not have GDM. The first line therapy in the management of GDM involves lifestyle modification and medical nutrition therapy. Based on the trigger, the patient is overweight. Thus, she needs nutritional counseling from a registered dietitian in order to help her to manage her weight. She should follow a healthy eating plan to keep her blood glucose level within the target value, provide enough nutrition and achieve appropriate weight changes during her pregnancy. Furthermore, she should keep physically active by doing some light exercise such as brisk walking which can help to prevent further gaining of weight. Plus, exercise can also help to reduce blood sugar level by stimulating body to move glucose into the cells, where it is used for energy [2].

Preeclampsia, a disorder of pregnant women, is a major contributor of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. It afflicts 5-7% of pregnancies worldwide, creating an enormous disease burden. Despite intensive research in this area, the etiology of preeclampsia is elusive. However, multiple factors have been associated with the disorder, including insulin resistance, genetic predisposition, and angiogenic factors. The diagnosis of preeclampsia is based on symptoms of hypertension and proteinuria, but the disorder is not always accompanied by an increase in blood pressure and proteinuria. Other diagnostic criteria include laboratory testing, persistent epigastric pain, and cerebral disturbances. The currently used diagnostic criteria are not

“Chronic hypertension is globally one of the most dangerous intercurrent diseases of pregnancy since it is associated with many serious complication for both mothers and children” (Zetterstrom, 2008). This condition presents in 1-5% of pregnancies and is higher in older, obese, and black women (Wood, 1996). It is described as having a BP higher than 140/90 mm Hg before the 20th week of gestation (Wood, 1996). Sometimes this is a continuation of pre-gestational hypertension.

Mild preeclampsia is defined as the presence of a blood pressure of 140/90mmhg on 2 occasions, at least 6 hours apart, but without evidence of end-organ damage in the patient.

Hypertension is defined as persistent increase of blood pressure in human body. A pregnant women is considered high blood pressure when the systolic reading is greater than 140 mmHg and diastolic reading greater than 90 mmHg. High blood pressure in pregnancy is also known as ‘gestational hypertension’. Gestational hypertension could lead to development of a condition called preeclampsia. Initially, gestational hypertension is a new onset of high blood pressure after the 20th weeks of pregnancy without the presence of proteinuria and end-organ dysfunction, while in preeclampsia, which is a multi-systemic disorder will causes proteinuria and organ dysfunction1. When there is grand mal seizures happens in preeclampsia pregnant women, it is known as eclampsia1. Eclampsia is a severe end of preeclampsia which may leads to death.

From taking this class, I have gained significant understanding of biological determinants of women’s health. Learning about the number of unique biological risks women face is important to understand for me because I am a woman and this risks are likely to pertain to me as well. One of topic of biological aspect of women’s health we covered in class were risks factors associated with pregnancy, its complication and pregnancy itself. Understanding about maternal death and number of causes such as hemorrhage, sepsis, hypertensive, and abortion