A Research Study On Preterm Birth

According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2016), preterm birth are the birth that happened before 37 ended weeks of pregnancy and is one of the number reason of newborn deaths and the second prominent cause of deaths in children below five. The preterm babies have chances of an amplified risk of illness, disability and death. In the first weeks, the complications of premature birth may include: breathing problems, heart problems, brain problems, temperature control problems, gastrointestinal problems, blood problems, metabolism problems, immune system problems. Long-term complications includes cerebral palsy, impaired cognitive skills, vision problem, hearing problems, dental problems, behavioral and psychological problems, chronic health issues.

Periodontal disease and pregnancy is an important thing for all of us to take into consideration when dealing with clients. When it comes to pregnancy there is a great change occurring in the body, these changes can leave women more susceptible to infections within the body. So it is important for us to have the knowledge as to what we should do to help and teach our patients so they can help prevent periodontal disease as well as treat it to help better their overall health as well as their baby’s health.

Premature birth is an important public health priority in terms of health of women and infants. Every year an estimated 15 million preterm babies are born and this number is still rising (WHO, 2015).In 2014, 1 of every 10 babies born in United States were premature and black infants were 50% more likely to be born premature than white, Hispanic and Asian/Pacific islander infants (CDC,2015). Almost 1 million children die each year due to complications of premature birth (WHO, 2015). Major survivors face lifelong disabilities like learning disabilities, hearing, visual, feeding, digestive, breathing and respiratory problems (CDC, 2015) and low birth weight (March of Dimes, 2014). A major challenge in decreasing the rate of preterm birth is

Also, for reasons that are still being investigated in public health, poorer pregnant women are much more likely to be diagnosed with labor-inducing bacterial infections such as bacterial vaginosis or chorioamnionitis (inflammation of the fetal membrane) (Allsworth & Peipert, 2007; Dammann, Leviton, & Allred, 2000). In a study sample of over 3,700 women who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was higher in pregnant women who were living at (34%) or below (37%) the federal poverty level compared to those who were living above it (24%) (Allsworth & Peipert, 2007). Additionally, pregnant women in lower SES communities have been found to suffer from more chronic healthcare care conditions such as hypertension and diabetes which are highly associated with preterm birth and small gestational size (Nagahawatte & Goldenberg,

The most important cariogenic bacteria are Streptococcus mutans. Other cariogenic bacteria include S. salivarius and S. sanguis as well as various species of Eikenellan and Lactobacillus. Dental caries is a disease of the tooth enamel and the tooth itself, while periodontal disease is a combination of gum swelling and erosion of the ligaments and bone that supports the teeth. Mildest form of periodontal disease is gingivitis, while the most severe form is called acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis also known as trench mouth. Poor oral hygiene, unhealthy diet, alcohol and tobacco use may constitute in the development of dental caries and periodontal

This raises the question “Is dental work during pregnancy necessary? Is it safe?” The American Academy of Periodontology and the American Dental Association supports the maintenance of oral health during pregnancy (Wrzosek and Einarson, 2009). Steinberg, Hilton, Iida and Samelson (2013) also acknowledged the need for dental care, stating that it is safe. If dental treatment is indicated, why did Lee et al., (2010) find such discrepancy in perception among dentists? This essay will discuss the oral-systemic changes observed during pregnancy, its effects on dental treatments, considerations in cases of severe odontogenic infections and the effects of maternal periodontal status on fetus.

Gingival herpesvirus infection may promote subgingival attachment and colonization of periodontopathic bacteria similar to the enhanced bacterial adherence to virus-infected cells observed in other infections. Loss of virus-damaged epithelial cells may expose the basement membrane and the

Increased pressure on the blood vessels of pregnant women may affect the way gums react to the bacteria in plaque, which is known as pregnancy gingivitis, and almost 50% of pregnant women may experience it. (1)

Our laboratory has developed the mucosal MmuPV1 infection mouse model recently and noninvasive methods to track the infection from oral and anogenital canals longitudinally [14]. Our long term goal is to use this model to explore many unanswered questions regarding viral-host interaction during papillomavirus infection. Innate immunity, a critical part of host defense system, is not only the first line of defense against pathogens, but is also critical for stimulating adaptive immune responses in viral infection [15-22]. Other host defense factors including interferons, Toll-like receptors, cytokines and defensins all play an important role in papillomavirus persistence and progression [23-31]. However, some findings in human studies are inconsistent

As individual’s age, one becomes more susceptible to several different types of ailments as the immune system becomes less able to fight infections. One of these ailments also includes periodontitis, which is inflammation of the gingival tissue caused by bacterial infection.

“Porphyria is a medical condition where patients suffer from very pale and flaky skin, and they are extremely sensitive to sunlight. The condition is caused by an enzyme deficiency that can lead to changes in physical appearance, such as receding gums”(Dube, Ryan Par 7). Along with the disease, there is a theory that those who suffer from it can find temporary relief by drinking the blood of a healthy person. However, there has been no evidence to label this a disease as the one that causes one to become a

Bleeding gums are common in pregnancy related to estrogen 's effect on the oral mucosa of the pregnant woman. Estrogen increases the blood flow to the mouth and gums causing mild swelling; brushing causes friction and the breaking of superficial capillaries, hence the bleeding. Progesterone too plays a role in this process, in that progesterone changes the dynamic of the saliva promoting bacteria growth in the mouth, increasing the woman’s potential of developing gingivitis (Demma & Grace, 2015; Jordan, 2014).

In the oral cavity, therapeutic edentulation, a treatment in which treating chronic diseases caused for tonsillectomies or tooth extractions, sometimes taking all a patient 's teeth, was common as a result of the popularity of the focal infection theory. The theory of focal infection stated that center of sepsis were responsible for the initiation and progression of a variety of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, peptic ulcers, and appendicitis (7). A countless number of teeth were removed due to this theory, even if there was no true evidence of an infection and generally resulted in the initial symptoms of patients never being relieved and the discrediting of theory. Recent progress in classification and identification of oral microorganisms, and the realization that certain microorganisms are normally found only in the oral cavity, have opened the way for a more realistic assessment of the importance of oral focal infection. It has become increasingly clear that the oral cavity can act as the site of origin for spreading of pathogenic organisms.

Residence within host gingival epithelia cells provides bacteria with a nutrient-rich, generally reducing environment that is partially protected from the host immune system. Accessing this secure environment isvital in the early stages of sulcus colonization by periodontal bacteria, as low numbers of bacteria are susceptible to clearance by immune mechanisms. While this does not immediately contribute to disease, invasive bacteria use the intracellular location to safely persist and replicate. The main bacteria focused in this essay isP. gingivalis. It is a gram-negative anaerobic bacteria that is associated with more severe forms of the periodontal disease.P. gingivalisuses many mechanisms for adhesion and internalisation into host cells such a frimbriae, gingipains, and proteolytic enzymes. These and other processes cause induction of host’s immune-inflammatory activity, which affects the structures supporting the teeth. This may also lead to the destruction of the surrounding bone and connective tissue, and ultimately tooth loss.

Pregnancy is normally the best and the happiest stage of any woman, but it can also be uncertain because anything can go wrong if you do not know exactly what to do. In order to understand the reasons of why Preterm Birth occurs, it is important to know what it is and how risky it can be. Preterm Birth is also known as Premature labor which mainly begins after “20 weeks but before 37 completed week’s gestations. Approximately 12.9 million babies worldwide are born too early every year representing an incidence of PTB of 9.6%” (Berghella, pp. 2, 8). Baby Center Medical Advisory Board says that about 12 percent of babies