A Research Study On Scar Markers

C-Fern plants are a strain of Ceratopteris richardii and have a rapid reproductive cycle, making them perfect subjects in lab to be tested and observed on population genetics. Population genetics is the study of genetic variation and allelic frequencies on a specific group over an amount of time. It is a great way to predict future genetic information on more than just the C-Ferns. In this experiment, two different generations for gametophytes and sporophytes of C-Ferns were observed and counted for the amount of wild type and polka dot mutant individuals within a sample and a population. The overall results demonstrated a 1:1 ratio of mutant to wild type in the F1 gametophyte generation for both the sample and population, which was expected. The F1 sporophyte generation demonstrated a 1:1 ratio of mutant to wild type in the sample and a 2:1 ratio of mutant to wild type in the population. A 3:1 ratio of mutant to wild type was expected in the sporophytes. It was concluded that the polka dot mutant is recessive in sporophytes and demonstrates random fertilization in the diploid stage, but not in gametophytes. This process of population genetics in C-Ferns can be extremely beneficial in other organisms, such as humans. Population genetics could be a tool in medicine in determining human

This report presents an overview to: meiosis, chromosomes, traits, genotypes, and phenotypes displayed in the evolution of fast plants. Studying how the genetic information can be passed along one generation to the following. Also, learning various techniques to determine the possible genotypes of the four Wisconsin Fast Plants provided by analyzing the offspring and observing the phenotypic variation within them. Predicting that the parent plant was heterozygous with the first generation also displaying heterogeneous characteristics of non- purple stem/ Green leaves. And discovering that the null hypothesis was rejected for the chi-square being less than 5% meaning the observed phenotypes were due by chance.

The “Brassica rapa” is a fast plant known as the field mustard. This plant is well known for its rapid growing rate, which makes it an easy breeding cycle and easy to pollinate. In giving so this makes “Brassica rapa” a great participant for testing Gregor Mendel’s theories of inheritance. The “Brassica rapa” acts like a test subject in testing cross-pollination giving the understanding to the dominant allele of colored stems. There are different colors that are visible on the stem that are above the soil; the colors vary from green to purple. P1 seed was ordered, germinated and cross-pollinated until germination of the next off spring of plants were also done. It was

Other forms of the genotype, (ygr/ YGR) and (YGR/YGR) will result in green leaves. A third gene in Brassica rapa is the rosette mutant, homozygous recessive. The genotype needed for the short, rosette plant form is (ros/ros). The other two genotypes (ros/ROS) and wild type (ROS/ROS) will result in the normal form of the plant. The phenotypes and genotypes are related in that the phenotypes provide a visible indication of the genotype. This is true in an individual with a homozygous recessive gene. However, in the case of dominant genes, since only one copy is needed for the phenotype to be present, then the second copy is not indicated. The second copy can be identified process where two individuals (P1 and P2) with the same dominant phenotype, called the parental generation, are bred. This produces an F1 or first generation of offspring. The F1 generation can also be bred and produce an F2 generation. Each individual in the F1 and F2 generations receives one copy from each parent of the 3-letter genotype code, called an allele.

Imagine that you are crossing two plants that are heterozygous for flower color and seed shape. The dominant and recessive alleles for these traits are:

In the play “Scar Tissue” we see how the main characters is so involved in her emotional self due to the death of her daughter. Throughout the play, we see how characters are all having separate problems, but they all connect with each other at the end because of the difficult circumstances. The play takes place in the hospital when the main character Claudia is having a discussion with lee, her patient. Throughout that time, we see how Alma, Claudia’s daughter who is a ghost appears and tries to distract he from everything. Alma is a very difficult character to understand because of the way she acts and expresses herself. The behavior that Claudia has most of the time is because of her. Alma symbolizes, Claudia’s behavior that she expresses into the world and towards other.

Gathering Data on the Different Traits of the Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum), Organizing the Dominant/Recessive Phenotypes of 60 F2 Offspring and Determining Whether the Null Hypothesis is Rejected or Accepted Using the Chi-Square Test.

In Scar Tissue, the lifestyle Anthony Kiedis has fits with the addiction cycle by constantly having a struggle to fit in or use drugs to get a stimulation of relief. He would have thoughts such as Hillel, Flea and himself would have to use before a show to feel as if they are playing to the best of their ability. The increased amount of drugs became to grow stronger as he got more famous and had more tours in the states as well as overseas. His relationship also was stated to be affected by the drug use because he felt as if when having a girlfriend it would increase his use and distance from the drug use. He was also preoccupied with using drugs in the type of environment he was in such as not playing in the band. Anthony also had access to these drugs, people would drop off drugs to his hotel. He was dependent on heroin and coke when he was with Claire was at his peak, she was also an addict and he began to distance himself from the band and got introduced to white china which he claims made him feel amazing. Anthony constantly battles from withdrawal, he commits himself into rehab after Hillel passes and that is when he had the toughest withdrawal battle because of the amount of pain he felt. Throughout the whole book, Anthony used his pain to constantly bring him back into the cycle.

There were several steps used to acquire the colony necessary for the PCR. First a student forearm was swabbed using a cotton swab, the cells were then placed in an agar plate. DNA was then extracted from the cultured bacteria by using a technique to lyse the cells and solubilize the DNA, then enzymes were used to remove contaminating proteins. The DNA extraction consisted of a lysis buffer that contained high concentrations of salt for denaturing. Binding with the use of ethanol and a washing step to purify the DNA. The final step for the DNA extraction was elution where the pure DNA was release. Proceeding the extraction of DNA the results of the 16s gene amplification were examined through gel electrophoresis it was analyzed by estimating the size of the PCR bands with marker bands. After measuring the success of the extraction, a technique called TA cloning was started. Cloning of PCR products was done by using partially purified amplified products with

This is different than today’s society because today gardening is shared among males and females and we know that it is actually the males X or Y chromosome that determine the sex of a child.

34. A pea plant heterozygous for height and seed color (TtYy) is crossed with a pea plant heterozygous for height

3. Greater genetics- Almost every strain, which is sold as feminised seeds, have their genetics carefully controlled by the breeder for bringing out the defining characteristics of each strain. Moreover, this helps the consumers to get more options to sink their teeth into. Add to that, these plants will be more productive, powerful and aromatic compared to the male plants.

In this image, there is 3 scar lines depicted in a dark, crimson red hue with blood dripping down from each of the end of the scratch. The scars are submerged in a black background to make the scars look more menacing. These symbolize the anger and aggression associated with wrath. The scars appear to be slashed in as if the paper was attacked by an animal, such as a lion. Animals only attack when they are sparked by a reactant evoking anger in the animal and leading to aggression. Therefore, having wrathful displayed by a scratch mark demonstrates the aggression associated with wrath. In addition, the color of crimson red symbolizes blood and pain. Since blood is mostly associated with injury and pain the color of the blood is crimson. Anger

Sex linkage and inherited genes allow us to predict and understand how and why certain animals and plants inherit features from their parents while some don’t. Sex linkage is the condition in which a

Disparity in cost of reproduction has lead sexually reproducing plants to develop different methods of dealing with the cost of reproduction, an example of this is sequential hermaphroditism, where an individual can change sex at one point in their life. Jack in the pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum, is a sexually dimorphic plant that exhibits sequential hermaphroditism, this study looks to see if female A. triphyllum will exhibit the largest leaf sizes due to their need to meet higher costs of reproduction. Forty individuals were surveyed for sex and largest leaf length per area for 7 different locations within Morningside ravine. Individuals were analyzed for mean leaf length per sex, and means were analyzed for significance with a 1-way ANOVA followed by a tukey test. All means were found to be significantly different from each other with the mean of females leaves the largest, followed by males, and asexual individuals were the smallest. Female individuals of A. triphyllum had the largest leaf sizes to compensate for their elevated costs of reproduction. The size advantage model explains that that female A. triphyllum will have the largest leaves because female individuals are able to best meet the costs of reproduction at larger sizes.