A Research Study On Transplant Immunology

There are four blood types found in humans. These are A blood type which has the genotype either AA or AO, B blood type which has the genotype either BB or BO, AB blood type which has the genotype AB, and O blood type which has the genotype OO. These genotypes show a combination of complete dominance and codominance. A and B traits are dominant to the recessive O trait, however, the A trait is codominant to the B trait. Each blood type codes for certain antigens. A blood codes for the A surface antigen, B blood codes for the B surface antigen, AB blood codes for both the A and B surface antigen, and O blood does not code for a surface antigen. Therefore to determine one’s blood type a test can be performed

Immune-suppressing drugs used may also have side effects viz. kidney damage, infections, diabetes etc. Long term survival rate is not as promising as other organ transplants. Rejection of new lungs can be slowed but cannot be stopped entirely.

Describe how and why both types of adaptive immunity can cause problems with organ transplantation.

There are over 120,000 people waiting for organ transplants (OPTN: data, 2013) – an average of 79 people receive transplants each

There are three types of rejection can occur after receiving an organ transplant: Hyperacute rejection occurs as soon as the donated organ is transplanted. This rarely occurs because transplant doctors make sure to match blood types and check if you have antibodies against the donated organ. Acute rejection occurs at least a few days after the transplant surgery when the body has had time to identify a foreign invader. Chronic rejection is a very gradual type of graft injury that can occur over months or even years after transplantation. (“National Kidney Foundation”) A rejection episode may be reversed if caught

This article discusses the specific details of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) in transplant patient recipients. The article is a review that includes an extensive explanation of the pathogenesis, and thus the characteristics, of CAV along with the immunosuppressive therapy necessary for allograft survival. Specifically, the article will be most beneficial in elaborating on the indirect allorecognition pathway that induces the cellular alloimmune response. This response is believed to be the primary cause of cardiac allograft vasculopathy and allograft vasculopathy in the remaining organs as well, which leads to the chronic rejection of a transplanted organ. Although secondary to the cellular alloummune response, nonimmunological factors

purpose is to provide background information about the study on those individuals who had a heart transplant.

The transplant team complied of coordinators, transplant physicians, transplant surgeons, financial coordinators, and social workers. Coordinators aid patients with evaluation, treatment and follow up care. Physicians usually manage the patient’s care, test, and medications. Some physician coordinate up until the transplant and even some times post-transplant. Surgeons are the ones who actually perform the surgery and follow up care for some time after the surgery. Financial coordinators of course aid patients in the understanding of financial matters. Finally, social workers help patients understand and cope with issues pertaining.

The final group of HLA haplotype mismatched patients was transplanted under a similar protocol as part of a dose escalation of the CD3+ cell addback to the donor infusion in order to promote durable mixed chimerism for at least six months while avoiding GVHD. Since 2013, ten patients have been treated under the protocol. The patients received between 8×106 and 22×106 CD34+ cells/kg. The first patient also received 3× 106 cells/kg of CD3+ T cells.

Xenotransplantation is the process where organs, tissue or living cells are transplanted between two species. In this case it is a heart transplant between a human and a pig. There are many issues that need to be overcome when it comes to xenotransplantation, as it is still in the preclinical stage. The two biggest issues are cross-species infection and transplant rejection (University of Walkato , 2011). For this process usually pigs are preferred compared to chimpanzees that are more similar

Every two hours someone dies waiting for an organ transplant. 18 people will die each day waiting for an organ. One organ donor can save up to 8 lives. . THE NEED IS REAL

Mild symptoms such as fatigue or shortness of breath are often noticed in patients.1 In as much as this persist, induction and maintenance therapies must be applied to prevent acute cellular rejection in pediatric heart transplant. Prophylactic immunosuppression must be used at the time of transplantation to minimize any early rejection. And maintenance therapy may be started at the time of transplant without the induction therapy.1, 2 Based on recent reports, acute cellular rejection does occur in patients within the first 6months who substantially were rejected early after transplantation, are likely to reduce in immunosuppression, exposed to inter-current infection, or noncompliance with medication.1

Based on the article by Miriam Schulman as of March 6th. The list in the United States for organs overall 113,143 with 91,015 people waiting for a kidney. In 2011 the total for kidney transplants came to 15,417 in the United States. The number in part came from deceased donors in the amount of 10,185 and 5,232 from living donors. Based on the data given from researcher Margret Mclean. She found out that about 17 people die every day in the midst of waiting for a reliable organ. After further review the shortage has caused many violations with both the U.S. and the international law against Kidney Sales” Margaret Mclean”. A 17 year sold his kidney for an

Surprisingly enough the type of transplant also affects the chances of rejection as well. For example some sites like the eye and the brain are immunologically privileged. This means is that they have minimal to no immune system cells and for that reason can tolerate even mismatched grafts. On the other extreme though, the heart, kidneys and liver are highly vascular organs and lead to a vigorous cell mediated response from the host. Since our immune systems act like a defense system, when foreign things are introduced to our bodies this defense system always takes precautions to ensure it’s not a threat.

Thesis/Preview: We are going to talk about the need for organ donors, they misconceptions surrounding organ donation, and how you can become an organ donor.