A Short Note On Diabetes Mellitus Research Paper

Diabetes mellitus type 2 is an endocrine disorder that causes impaired use of carbohydrates while enhancing the use of proteins and lipids. This is called insulin resistance, in which the pancreas cannot make enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels normal, or the body is unable to use what is produced. The impairment causes blood glucose level to rise higher than normal. There is no cure for type 2 diabetes mellitus and it is life threatening when left untreated. Signs and symptoms of this disorder include vision changes, increased thirst, increased hunger, increased frequency of urination, stomach pain, nausea and vomiting, erectile dysfunction, and absences of mentruation. These can occur abruptly, or over a long period of time.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a pandemic that affects millions of people. The growth rate of unrecognized pre-diabetes in America is expected to rise up to 52% by 2020 (Lorenzo, 2013). As the prevalence of diabetes increases, so will the complications and burden of the disease. One of the leading causes for cardiovascular disease, renal failure, nontraumatic lower limb amputations, stroke, and new cases of blindness is DM (Lorenzo, 2013).

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition in the body that is related to a faulty metabolism. It means that the body’s metabolism is not functioning properly, which leads to adverse effects in the health. The food we ingest, gets broken down into blood sugar (glucose), which is what fuels our body in the form of energy. This converted glucose needs to enter our cells so that it can be used for energy and growth. And in order for the glucose to enter our cells, there needs to be insulin present, which the beta cells of the pancreas is responsible for producing. This hormone is responsible for maintaining glucose level in the blood. It allows the body cells to use glucose as a main

     The detection of T2DM can be difficult because the patient may or may not have many of the symptoms depending on how severe their case is. Many of the symptoms are very similar to those of type I diabetes making classification difficult. Some patients are found to have glucosuria upon routine urinalysis, which could lead to the diagnosis. Ketouria can also be detected but usually only occurs in only one forth of patients who have type II diabetes. Simple clinical features of T2DM can assist doctors diagnosing and classifying the disease. More than 85 percent of patients diagnosed are overweight or obese. A family history of type II diabetes is found in the majority of patients who are known to have T2DM. A skin condition known as aconthosis nigricans is also common and can be detected by routine physical examination. It is characterized by hyperpigmentation and a velvety texture caused by long-standing hyperinsulinism and usually is found around the neck, inner thighs, and antecubital areas (Nesmith 2001).

Diabetes insipidus is a condition where the release or response to the pituitary hormone vasopressin is not able to operate correctly. This results in large amounts of urine and it’s accompanied by dehydration and excessive thirst. Diabetes mellitus is a long lasting condition where the body does not make enough insulin to respond to the blood sugar levels that are taking place. This results in an abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood and urine. It is the most common of the two. Diabetes insipidus is a kidney disorder, does not cause a rise in blood sugar levels, and does not release glucose in the urine. While diabetes mellitus is a pancreatic disorder, causes a rise in blood sugar levels, and releases

fats and proteins increases. Type 2 DM patients have characteristics of age usually greater than 30years, they are obese and though they have plasma insulin normal to high, they have reduced insulin sensitivity with high glucose, high glucagon and so they require weight loss and anti-diabetics like insulin or oral hypoglycemics. Clinical characteristics of type 2 DM are shown in table 1.

Diabetes insipidus is a rare condition that causes the body to create more urine than normal, which leads to thirst and dehydration. The urine is made mostly of water (dilute urine). There are several types of diabetes insipidus. The most common forms are related to decreased production of the hormone that regulates urine production (antidiuretic hormone) or resistance to the antidiuretic hormone.

Some signs of type II include an increase in being thirsty and urinating more often than usual. This is because the sugar pulls fluid from the bloodstream into tissues causing thirst. And of course as you drink more, you are more than likely going to pee more. Hunger increases because hunger is triggered when there is not enough insulin to move the sugar into the cells which cause muscles to need more energy. The next sign is if the person has sores that don’t heal quickly and have more frequent infections because it has been found that this type of diabetes affects the body’s ability to heal along with resist infection. Some more symptoms are weight loss due to the body using other fuels from muscle and fat even after eating more to relieve the hunger, fatigue because of the cells depriving the sugar, itchiness, and blurred vision since the blood sugar is too high and the body pulls liquid from the eye lenses to compensate. The final sign, which is not as common as the others, is the skin may start to have areas of darker skin in a condition called acanthosis nigricans from insulin resistance. To sum up some symptoms, the high blood glucose levels can hurt eyes, kidneys, nerves, and even the heart.

Symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus are extreme thirst, excretion of an excessive amount of diluted urine (Colbourne et al, 2007). Dehydration is a condition that occurs when the loss of body fluids, mostly water, exceeds the amount that is taken in. With dehydration, more water is moving out of our cells and bodies than what we take in through drinking. Symptoms of Dehydration are increased thirst, dry mouth, tired or sleepy, decreased urine output (Colbourne et al, 2007). Starvation is a severe deficiency in caloric energy intake needed to maintain an organism's life. Symptoms of Starvation are, shrinkage of such vital organs as the heart, lungs, ovaries, or testes, and gradual loss of their functions, chronic diarrhea, Anemia, reduction in muscle mass and consequent weakness (Colbourne et al, 2007). Nephritis is the inflammation of the kidney. Some symptoms of Nephritis are pain in the pelvis, pain or a burning sensation while urinating, a frequent need to urinate, cloudy urine (Colbourne et al, 2007). Ketones are produced when the body burns fat for energy or fuel. They are also

The signs of diabetes differ from the symptoms because signs are indicators of a problem, while symptoms can only be describing by what a person feels. I want to focus on type 1 and type 2 diabetes because it has been very common on my father’s side of the family. According to the International Diabetes Federation, some warning signs for type 1 & 2 diabetes are frequent urination, weight loss, lack of energy, and excessive thirst. But, there are also more signs that consist of blurred vision, numbness, and increased of hunger. At the same time, these signs can be absent or show just a little in some people.

The case study I have chosen is based on a 50 year old female Isma Begum. She has complained of blurred vision, being lethargic, increased urination and, urethral discomfort. All of these symptoms are indicators of type 2 diabetes. According to NHS diabetes is a condition which causes blood sugar levels to rise too high. Hyperglycaemia is an acute condition which causes the blood sugar levels to get too high whereas, diabetes as a whole is a chronic illness as it can only be treated and not cured. This is caused by insufficient insulin or, not enough insulin being produced to breakdown glucose into energy. The blurred vision that Isma has complained of, can be due to fluids leaking causing the eye to swell which has an impact on eyesight. On

Despite the differences in cause, the effects of diabetes insipidus on the body are roughly the same: an inability to retain fluids in the blood, and thus extremely frequent urination (some sufferers have been known to be producing over sixteen litres of urine a day), and an intense, permanent, unquenchable thirst, particularly with strong cravings for ice water or similarly cool, ‘pure’

Diabetes insipidus is a disorder that causes an imbalance of water in the body because the kidneys are not functioning correctly (cite). It is caused by a lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which prevents dehydration. Individuals with this disorder produces excessive urination and polydipsia (cite). Although diabetes insipidus and mellitus sound related, they are not. Diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2 are more common forms of diabetes (cite). To diagnose diabetes insipidus, a doctor could use the fluid /water deprivation test or an MRI scan. The fluid/water deprivation test involves allowing an individual to reframe from drinking fluids for a number of hours to become extremely dehydrated while collecting blood and urine samples. An MRI scan of the head can be used to observe abnormalities in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland (cite).

Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to produce or use insulin effectively. Insulin is needed for proper storage and use of carbohydrates. Without it, blood sugar levels can become too high or too low, resulting in a diabetic emergency. It affects about 7.8% of the population. The incidence of diabetes is known to increase with age. It’s the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US, and is the primary cause of blindness and foot and leg amputation. It is known to cause neuropathy in up to 70% of diabetic patients. Individuals with diabetes are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.

Diabetes Mellitus is “a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a disease which is caused by the insufficient insulin secretion or decrease in the peripheral effects of insulin. It is a serious problem in terms of morbidity and mortality. The hyperglycemia is associated with long term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. It’s associated with many complications which includes blindness of the eyes and amputations of the extremities. It is also associated with neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases which lead to mortalities.