A Short Note On Diabetic Retinopathy ( Dr ) Is The Most Common Cause Of Vision Loss

For the health condition description of age-related macular degeneration I will discuss the etiology, onset, prevalence rate, body systems, body structures, and associated deficits that come and are associated with this disease. “AMD is the degradation of the cells at the center of the retina which is the layer of tissue at the back of the eye that registers light. The macula is responsible for ventral vision, which enables us to read, drive, participate in sports, and do anything else that requires focusing directly ahead. Macular degeneration distorts the heart of the vision field” (Macular degeneration, 1998). Sunlight and smoking are both influences of the onset of AMD (Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), 2014). It is suggested to avoid intense bright sunlight which may help reduce the retinal degeneration. Hats, sunglasses and any other accessories that can help protect the eyes from the sun are suggested. Cigarette smoking has also been linked to increasing the risk of developing AMD and it is recommended that persons should stop smoking to decrease their chance of developing AMD (Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), 2014). AMD does not develop until the sixth or seventh decade of life, although early

As humans, we don't always see with our eyes, but often with our imagination (Grunwald, 2016). Often times as people we never realize how useful our vision really is to us. You really don't think about something like that until it would actual happen to you. Throughout this essay, you will learn how the body is affected by Macular Degeneration (MD). Different signs and symptoms, as well as the etiology of MD, will be discussed. In the following, diagnosis tests and treatments may also be listed in order to help others who would like to know more about MD. Not to mention, you will learn the incidence and progression of MD. Furthermore, information though agencies and associations, as well as new research about MD will be given.

Diabetic retinopathy which is the eye damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes, eventually leads to blindness. A systemic disease which affects up to 80 percent of all patients has diabetes for 20 years or more, it is an ocular manifestation of diabetes. Research indicates that at least 90% of these new cases could be condensed if there were proper and watchful handling and checking of the eyes despite these intimidating statistics. The extensive a person has diabetes, the advanced his or her chances of developing diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy interprets for 12% of all new belongings

Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness globally and in the U.S. adults younger than age 60. It is more common in individual with type 2 diabetes compared to those with type 1 due to long-standing hyperglycemia before diagnosis. Most people with diabetes eventually develops some degree of retinopathy and they are more likely to develop cataracts and glaucoma. The prevalence and severity of retinopathy are strongly related to individual’s age, the duration of diabetes, and the extent of glycemic control. Three stages of the retinopathy leads to vision loss; stage I – non-proliferative is characterized by thickening of the retinal capillary basement membrane and increased retinal capillary permeability, vein dilation, micro-aneurysm formation, and hemorrhages. Stage II – pre-proliferative there is progression of retinal ischemia with areas of inadequate perfusion that result in infarcts. Stage III – proliferative involves neovascularization (angiogenesis) and fibrous tissue formation within

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can take two possible forms. Neovascular AMD (wet-AMD) or non-neovascular AMD (dry-AMD) as discussed in the introduction. The available treatment involved in curing patients suffering from AMD differs between the two types of the disease. Neovascular AMD has previously been treated by coagulation therapies of the blood vessel present in the fovea (part of the retina where the ability of vision is the highest). These therapies involve the use of infrared laser light to destroy any additional or new vascular cells in the fovea with the objective of avoiding the leakage of blood vessels. This would prevent photoreceptors from further being damaged and so won’t deteriorate vision any further. However,

Preproliferative retinopathy indicates further destruction of retinal capillaries. Proliferative retinopathy is the severe form and the capillaries become occluded, and new blood vessels are formed to supply the retina with blood. It is caused by damage to the sensitive blood vessels in the eyes. Retinopathy can be worsened by severe hypertension because of the additional stress it places on the blood vessels. Diabetic patients should be referred to ophthalmolgists for annual eye examination (Baumann, Chang & Hoebeke 2002:191; Butterworth Medical Dictionary 1990:1467; Campbell, Pearson, Ratner & Wysham 1997:69; Long term Complications [sa]:36; Recognition [Sa]:31; Smeltzer & Bare

The most frequent ocular complications reported for all the AVM groups, are: vascular occlusions, aneurysm formation, intraretinal haemorrhage, exudation and cystoid macular oedema. Furthermore, neovascular glaucoma and open angle glaucoma have been described as a result of a retinal central vein occlusion [1].

Diabetic Retinopathy is treatable if caught in time, but if it is not diagnosed it can lead to blindness. Diabetics should have regular eye exams to prevent serious eye diseases, such as cataracts, glaucoma, and macular degeneration.

Glaucoma is the disease that causes optic nerve damage and eventually loss of vision. Most people do not realise they have glaucoma until they are diagnosed and already have some decreased field of vision. Depending on what type of glaucoma the diagnosis is there are some laser treatments that can be done to help lower the pressure in the eye. Ophthalmologist will decide if a laser treatment is appropriate for the patient on its own or alongside topical therapy. Lasers are a high concentration beam of light that helps open up the trabecular meshwork in order to release the pressure in your eye. The types of lasers are Select Laser Trabeculoplasty, Laser Peripheral Irdotomy, YAG Laser Cyclophotocoagulation

In the case of laser treatment, this is a less common practice because of its potential to damage surrounding tissue when removing the newly formed blood vessel (neovascular AMD). It is also not always effective and requires repetition every few years (Khetrapal, A., 2016). Photodynamic therapy usually involves the injection of a medication directly into the bloodstream of the patient. This is followed by shinning a low powered laser into the eye, targeting the macula, and triggering the activate compound in the medication. After the compound is activated, it attaches itself to the new blood vessels and begins degrading them. Between this two practices, this would seem to be the preferred treatment, as it does not affect or damage the surrounding parts of the macula (Khetrapal, A.,

Diabetic retinopathy cause change in retina such as changes in blood vessel diameter, hemorrhages (tiny spots of blood that leak into the retina), macular edema(swelling or thickening of the macula caused by fluid leaking from the retina's blood vessels) and new vessel growth. Diabetic retinopathy can be classified according to presence or non-presence of abnormal neovascularization as nonproliferative (NPDR) and proliferative(PDR). NPDR is the early stage of disease which it causes shrinking and sweelling of the blood vessels and changing the diameter. This random change in diameter affects blood flow to the retina. This variance of blood flow can also affect other areas of the eye - some areas do not get enough blood while other areas

The heat which gets generated by a reaction to the laser light might cause swelling and/or a bruise, which usually disappear in a few

These types of treatments have been a disappointment to some because they seem to only tone down the symptoms but do not promote the natural healing process. One benefit that this type of treatment has over many of the other types is that it is not harmful to other tissue. Cells that are functioning normally are not adversely impacted by the use of low intensity lasers.

The laser light is absorbed by the pigment in the blood and also damages the vein wall causing it to collapse.

Treatment of open-angle glaucoma usually begins with prescription eyedrops. These eyedrops lower pressure inside the eyeball, either by causing the eye to produce less fluid or by helping fluid to drain more. As an alternative to medication or when medication does not control glaucoma, laser surgery can be done. This surgery, also called laser trabeculoplasty, uses a laser to make the openings in the eye's drainage network larger. If medication and laser surgery are unsuccessful, conventional eye surgery may be necessary to make a new opening for fluid to leave the eye.