A Short Note On Guillain Barre Syndrome : A Rare And Potentially Fatal Disorder

Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves an autoimmune process that develops when a previous viral insult to the nervous system has occurred in a genetically susceptible individual. B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and activated T cells, along with proinflammatory cytokines, cause inflammation, oligodendrocyte injury and demyelination. Early inflammation and demyelination lead to irreversible axonal

The central nervous system (CNS) comprises grey matter, which contains neuron cell bodies and white matter, which contains the nerve axons. Most of the nerve axons are concentrically wrapped around by lipid-rich biological membrane, known as the myelin sheath. In the CNS, myelin is produced by oligodendrocyte. a type of glial cell. (Pfeiffer et al., 1993). These electrical insulating, multilamellar membranes significantly increase the electrical resistance, in which to prevent leakage of electrical currents from the axons, as well as decrease electrical capacitance to reduce the ability of the axons to store electrical energy (Shivane &

Every fall season we hear the question; did you get your flu shot yet? It is supposed to protect you from that nasty flu virus that circulates our communities during the fall and winter months. But, did you know that in 2011 the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Adverse Event Reporting Systems Website (AERS) reported 51 deaths caused by the flu vaccine in the United States (U.S.) (CDC,2012). According to National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC), as of July 2012 there have been more than 84,000 reports of adverse reactions, 1000 vaccine related deaths and over 1600 cases of Guillain- Barre syndrome, a acute form of paralysis, triggered by the vaccine (NVIC.ORG).

Most people do not expect to become paralyzed during the course of their lives. Barring injury to the nervous system or debilitating disease, one does not expect to lose motor function. In spite of these expectations, people of all races, sexes, ages, and classes can be afflicted with a debilitating syndrome that can lead to difficulty in walking or even to temporary paralysis in the most severe cases. This syndrome is known commonly as Guillain-Barre Syndrome, or GBS.

The breakdown of the myelin sheath is caused from a mutation of the gene that makes the Adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP). This ALD protein helps the body metabolize saturated very-long-chain fatty acids found in the serum and tissues of the central nervous system. The newly mutated gene no longer acts as a help aid to breaking down the long-chain fats. Therefore, the body starts accumulating an abnormal amount of fat in the nervous system, adrenal gland and testes that sets off an unusual response in the immune system; demyelination.

Multiple Sclerosis and Guillain-Barré Syndrome are two autoimmune disorders of the nervous system that occur when the myelin sheath surrounding the axons of a nerve degenerate. Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects the central nervous system while Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) involves the peripheral nervous system.1,2 MS is a gradually regressing disease that usually occurs in one of four ways. The first is relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and is the most common. Patients typically experience relapses where the symptoms are aggravated and enhanced followed by episodes of remissions during which the symptoms cease or calm down. 3 The second type is called secondary-progressive MS (SPMS). This type mimics RRMS but undergoes a steadier decline that may or may not include relapses3. The third type is primary-progressive MS (PPMS) where the disease progresses at a more regular rate from onset. PPMS, however, may speed up, slow down, or even plateau for a bit, but no remissions are present.3 Lastly, progressive-relapsing MS (PRMS), the least common type, presents similarly to PPMS in that the decline is steady, but this type of MS has exacerbations that the patient may or may not recover from.3 Unlike MS, Guillain-Barré does not present in types and characteristically attacks more rapidly.2 It is a poorly understood disease, however, research has shown that it is generally preceded by a bacterial or viral infection.4

Myelin, the common factor in each disease, is a subsatnce that surrounds and insulates axons on some nerve cells, allowing for a faster transporting of signals and proper functioning of the nervous system. A demyelinating disease results in the damage of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord due to the myelin sheath being destroyed, which is life threatening.

This disease affects the nerve cells by enabling them to send electric impulses to the muscles which ultimately makes the muscle wither away and stop working. The nerves targeted are actually

By attacking the myelin MS causes inflammation and damage to the myelin itself (MS Society of Canada, 2016). Myelin is the main source of transportation for nerve impulses; this is done through the nerve fibres that are protected by the myelin (MS Society of Canada, 2016). If the myelin is only slightly damaged the nerve impulses can continue with a few minor interruptions, but if the damage is extensive then problems become more apparent (MS Society of Canada, 2016).

Syndrome-3 or "Artho-myo-neuropathy'; Syndrome - characterized by generalized joint and muscle pains, increased difficulty lifting heavy objects, fatigue, and tingling or numbness of the hands, arms, feet, and legs (" Gulf War Illnesses Broken Down Into Three Primary Syndromes'; 1-2).

Then there is the theory that common diseases or STD's trigger MS and this initiates the migration of white blood cells to enter the brain. Once in the brain these white blood cells activate certain parts of the immune system and thus the immune system begins to attack the myelin that surrounds the nerve. (1) There is another theory that the scarring of the myelin of the nerve is caused by oxidation injury. (3) Oxidation injury is seemingly caused by unstable molecules named free radicals. These free radicals supposedly take electrons from healthy molecules they find in the myelin. These free radicals are also said to occur when the body has been exposed to toxic chemicals. (5) Free radicals are described as punching holes in the cellular walls of our bodies. There is another theory that researchers of MS present. The

human MS. In this model, the injection of BM-MSCs improvedthe clinical course and promoted peripheral T cell tolerance tomyelin proteins, thus reducing the migration of pathogenic T cellsto the CNS (Morando et al., 2012; Bai et al., 2009; Gerdoni et al.,2007; Zhang et al., 2005). In this model setting, the therapeuticeffects of MSCs were not likely attributable to graft- or host-driven remyelination, but rather were mediated by an immunemodulatory mechanism guarding the CNS from immune-mediatedinsult (Morando et al., 2012; Rafei et al., 2009). Similarly, BM-MSCs have been reported to have been successfully used in animalmodels of acute disorders, such as stroke or spinal cord injury,while they are disappointingly unable to remedy the neurologicaldeficits when chronic neural damage occurs. These observationssuggest that the immunosuppressive nature of BM-MSCs, whichis substantially increased by inflammatory cues, allows them tomodulate immune response and inhibit inflammation (Uccelli et al.,2011).These findings pose the question of whether the reported ben-eficial effects of BM-MSCs in immune models such as EAE are dueto suppression of the peripheral immune response that damagesmyelin or due to immune-independent mechanisms of action, suchas the direct replacement of the dying cells, oligo/neuroprotection,and/or enhancing endogenous repair. This question is furtherhighlighted by a recent study conducted in a non-immune toxinmodel in which intravenously injected BM-MSCs did

The professional context is essential competencies for clinical practices; strategies for professional advancement. Also, it includes any elements that are considered to be necessary to establish a professional performance. Linda is 40 years old woman who developed flu-like symptoms including back pain. A few days later she developed weakness in her legs, arms and face. Linda noticed intermittent tingling and numbness in her lips and face along with difficulty breathing. Linda went to an after hour clinic and develop respiratory distress and weakness while in the waiting room. Linda was sent to the hospital and was diagnosed with Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Guillain-Barre Syndrome is a rare nervous system disorder that results in nerve damage caused by the immune system’s response to an infection or illness. During her hospital stay, the respiratory stress

Guillian-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disease that causes an acute peripheral nervous system disorder that results in a flaccid paralysis of the skeletal muscles and loss of muscle reflexes (Des Jardin & Burton 2016). Regardless of whose articles, journals, or textbooks you read, all agree on the definition of GBS.

Regardless of which occur first, affected individuals will generally experience most of the symptoms as the disease progresses. Specifically, symptoms that include difficulty swallowing, moving, forming words, tight muscles, spasticity, and/or exaggerated reflexes occur when the upper motor neurons have been damaged. When lower motor neurons are damaged, symptoms such as muscle weakness, atrophy, cramping, and twitching will occur. In some cases, a few of the muscle neurons that