A Short Note On Health Monitoring And Monitoring

The body temperature is measured by using the temperature sensor LM35.The body temperature of a person will depend on gender, food, recent activity and in women the stage of menstrual cycle. For a healthy adult the normal body temperature can range from 97.8 degrees Fahrenheit (36.5 degrees Celsius) to 99 degrees Fahrenheit (37.2 degrees Celsius).Wearable health monitoring systems (WHMSs) represent the new generation of healthcare by providing real time unobtrusive monitoring of patient’s physiological parameters through the deployment of several on body and even intra body biosensors. Although several technological issues regarding WHMS still need to be resolved in order to become more applicable in real life scenarios, it is expected that

BSN is operated with about a dozen wireless devices at this time. Promising are the future uses especially when paired with a patient’s smart phone. This type of technology is in its infancy stage and will continue to develop further to improve human health outcomes.

In [76], Le et al. designed an environment learning-based phenomenon monitoring system in which the sensor nodes can move to the optimal positions which is selected based on the information that iteratively learned about the environment. Because nodes’ movements consume a large portion of the constrained energy in sensor nodes which will further shorten the lifetime of the WSN. Consequently, the question, “how to minimize the movements of mobile nodes while achieving desired coverage and connectivity in WSNs”, needs to be solved. In [77], authors

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of distributed sensors to monitor environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or detect dimensions, to pass their data through the network to a base station for processing. Advantages of WSN over a wired system considered in elimination of wiring cost, sensors can be installed in harsh environments. Each sensor node is a combination of Radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna micro-controller, electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors, energy source, usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting. Drawback of using sensors is having limited power to consume, a memory that is

Thus, all wireless links between sensors and the M-collector at the candidate polling points are bidirectionally tested. In addition, each sensor can also discover its one-hop neighbors by broadcasting the “Hello” messages during the neighbor discovering phase. After the sensor reports the IDs of its one-hop neighbors to the M-collector by including the information into the “ACK” message, the position of the sensor can also become a candidate polling point. In Fig. 1, we illustrate the definition of polling points, neighbor set, and candidate polling point set by an example, where there are four sensors s1, s2, s3, and s4 deployed at positions l1, l2, l3, and l4, respectively. During the exploration phase, the M-collector discovers the neighbor sets of l5 and l6 by broadcasting “Hello” messages at these points. Thus, l5 and l6 can be added into the candidate polling point set. Since sensors s1, s2, s3, and s4 also report their one-hop neighbors to the M-collector by sending “ACK” to the M-collector, l1, l2, l3, and l4 also become candi-date polling points. In Fig. 1, if there is a wireless link between sensor si and position lj , we say that si belongs to the neighbor set of lj , where si ∈ {s1, s2, s3, s4} and lj ∈ {l1, l2, . . . , l6}. Thus, candidate polling point set L = {l1, l2, . . . , l6}; neighbor sets of

Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks (WSAN) have attracted a lot of interest in recent years. Their potential applications include search-and-rescue, forest fire detection and containment, battlefield reconnaissance, under-water surveillance, etc. In WSAN, sensors which are small, densely-populated, and power-constrained devices probe their surroundings and send the collected data to more capable nodes (actors) for processing and putting forward an appropriate response [1]. For example, sensors can detect rising heat in some spots in a forest and inform mobile robots (actors) that correlate the reports from various sensors and conclude the eruption

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a collection of large number of sensor nodes and at least one base station. The sensor node is an autonomous small device that consists of mainly four units that are sensing, information gathering, processing and communication. In wireless sensor network there of many issues that are much affects in communication, processing and in deployments. The main issue is its coverage and connectivity problem. Most of the times communications does not prohibited properly amongst sensors and base station due lacking of ranges problem. Full coverage and connectivity means that every location in the field is covered by at least one node and

The writers further explained the detection algorithms for both the sensors: for magnetometers, a raw data is obtained which went through 6 different mathematical steps including oscillation prevention, noise reduction, and accuracy detection. This will finally give 5 state machine stages which will correspond to the track of local minimums and maximums and will depict if a vehicle is passed. Ultrasonic sensors, works simply on distance measurement from object to sensors. A flowchart was shown which worked on 2 important factors i.e. Distance_threshold(DiT) and Duration_threshold(DuT). Both DiT and DuT values are dependent on the placement of sensors in the parking lot and if is less than required, a counter is activated until desired value and as the value exceeds, a vehicle is detected.

Due to the advancement in micro-electro-mechanical systems and microelectronics and correspondingly wide applications of wireless sensor networks, there has been given tremendous attentions by researchers in recent years. In result there is development of low-cost, low-power, multifunctional sensor nodes that are small in size and communicate untethered in short distances. These tiny sensor nodes, which consist of sensing, data processing, and communicating components, leverage the idea of sensor networks based on collaborative effort of a large number of nodes. Sensor nodes in such a network are often powered with onboard batteries with limited energy. It is impractical or infeasible to replenish energy via replacing batteries on these sensors in most applications. As a result, it is well perceived that a sensor network should be deployed with high density in order to prolong the network lifetime. A sensor network is composed of a large number of sensor nodes, which are densely deployed either inside the phenomenon or very close to it. The position of sensor nodes need not be engineered or pre-determined. This allows random deployment in inaccessible terrains or disaster relief operations. On the other hand, this also means that sensor network protocols and algorithms must possess self-organizing capabilities. Another unique feature of sensor networks is the cooperative effort of sensor nodes. Sensor nodes are fitted with an on-board processor. Instead of

computation and communication capabilities. The basic components [1] of a node are a sensor unit, an

A wireless sensor network can be composed of a large number of nodes, constituting a

Wireless sensor networks are usually deployed in infrastructure-less environment with the sensor nodes themselves being battery powered (low powered) devices so, data aggregation is an attractive method to reduce the power requirements of the individual sensor nodes that sense, record and transmit the data about their surroundings. Data aggregation may refer to any number of methods that allow for the reduction of the volume of data that the sensor nodes must exchange by combining data from multiple sources and removing redundancies, thereby reducing the power consumption by the sensor nodes.

A wireless sensor network consists of potentially thousands of tiny wireless devices capable of taking various environmental measurements, such as temperature, humidity, vibrations, and luminance. Such immensity of sensing has been promoting a plethora of emerging applications in areas ranging from homeland security, healthcare, to the military. Sensor networks have attracted much scientific interest during the past few

2 Clustering is an important method for increase the scalability and lifetime of wireless sensor network system. The sensor network is divided into clusters.

Wireless sensor networks can play a key role in military command.This can be in form of control, easier communication, better surveillance etc. The ability of sensor network to rapidly deploy, privately organize and fault tolerance characteristic make them an admirable technique for sensing in application for military. Sensor networks can be applied in several aspects in the military including: observing friendly forces, equipment and ammunition; surveillance of the battlefield; organization of opposing forces and the terrain; also targeting; assessment of battle damage; and nuclear, and detection of biological and chemical attack