A Short Note On Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Bckground While modern lifestyles and medical care have certainly improved the longevity of humans in the developed world, and contributed to a greater quality of life scenario, those same lifestyles have engendered a number of issues that contribute to disease. Lack of proper diet, fast food, high fat and carbohydrate diets without adequate fruits and vegetables, lack of exercise, smoking and alcohol contribute to an epidemic of obesity which, in turn, contributes to a serious metabolic disorder called Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. While not managed by insulin injections, it is nevertheless quite serious and has a number of progressing symptoms that, if not treated properly, can result in cardiovascular, renal and neurological problems, as well as amputation, ocular issues, and even cognitive dysfunction.

This essay will focus on type 2 diabetes, which is becoming one of the fast growing chronic health conditions in the United Kingdom (UK). Approximately 700 people are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes each day in the UK (Diabetes Uk, (2014)a). It is costing the NHS about £10billion pounds each year to treat diabetes along with its complication and it is expected to rise in the next couple of years (Diabetes UK, (2014)b).

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29 million people in the United States (9.3 percent) have diabetes, and of those 29 million approximately 7.25 million are unaware that they are diabetic (www.cdc.gov). Diabetes describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body 's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both. Diabetes can be divided into two groups: Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as juvenile diabetes and is usually found in children and young adults. Only 5% of people with diabetes have this form of the disease. Type 1 diabetes restricts the body from producing insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. Type 1 diabetes can be managed by using insulin therapy and other treatments to help those infected maintain insulin to convert sugars, starches and foods into energy(www.diabetes.org). Type 2 diabetes is the most common, people with Type 2 diabetes have insulin resistance meaning the body does not use insulin properly. At first, the pancreas makes a surplus insulin to compensate for the lack on insulin in your body. However, over time your pancreas is not able to keep up and can not make enough insulin to keep your blood glucose at normal levels(www.diabetes.org). Complications of diabetes in the long term include potential heart disease, stroke, and kidney damage.

Type two diabetes is the most common disease today, and it has a great impact on the lives of many people in the United States. Type two diabetes results when the body is resistant to insulin or impaired secretion of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells. The pancreas produces too much insulin, but over time it is not able to make an adequate amount of insulin needed in order to move the glucose into the cells. However, there are many factors that lead to type two diabetes. They are known to be genetic, high body weight, previously identified impaired fasting glucose levels or impaired glucose tolerance, family history of diabetes, and history of gestational diabetes or delivery of a baby over 9 pounds. Type two diabetes effects about 90% to 95% of the cases of disease in the US (Hinkle & Cheever, 2013). It's

Diabetes is a chronic condition in which the body is unable to effectively process blood sugar in the body. The number of people who have diabetes has reached epidemic levels according to the Centers for Disease control and prevention. Over 110 million people in the U.S. alone have diabetes or prediabetes. About 95% of all diagnosed cases involve type 2 diabetes, and around 5% of all diagnosed cases are type 1 diabetes. Unfortunately, most people do not know that they have diabetes, and their condition can go unnoticed until they develop severe complications.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is considered the most common form of diabetes, considering that this form accounts for 90-95% of cases (Simon, 2002). With this type of diabetes, the body does not have the

“In 2010, an estimated 25.8 million people in the United States had diabetes mellitus, of which approximately 1 million have type 1 diabetes and most of the rest have type 2 diabetes ” (Papadakis et al., 2014) That means that in 2010 about 24.8 million people suffered from type 2 diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is impaired insulin secretion and variable degrees or peripheral insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia (Porter, Kaplan, 2011). Type II diabetes has become more prevalent in the United States due to the decrease in physical activity, the increase in obesity rates, and also the predisposition of genetic factors. In this paper I am going to cover description of history and the disease, etiology, signs and

Diabetes mellitus is commonly seen in the field of physical therapy. It is a disease that occurs over a long period of time, and happens when the body cannot use sugar naturally. Our bodies have to have sugar to function correctly, so if there is an inability to break down or make sugar, the body will suffer. This sugar comes from a hormone called insulin, which comes from an organ in our body known as the pancreas. Insulin’s job is keeping our blood sugar levels at a normal rate. If someone has diabetes, there blood sugar can either be too high, or too low.

The beliefs that diabetes cannot be cured completely is gradually becoming a past story, as more scientific research is proving that diabetes can be revised or cured completely within 30 days. If you are one of those people who strongly believe in old saying that diabetes is a lifetime disease, you definitely would want to read the latest improvements as regards diabetes management.

The purpose of me writing this paper is to state facts about my topic and help state my sources correctly. This information gives facts about the two different types of diabetes and how it affects people around the world and the different age groups and most importantly, affects their health. This paper simply explains the effects caused by diabetes type 1 and type 2. The information this paper gives is accurate and gives helpful information about the symptoms and health problems leading to this disease. Diabetes is caused by high blood pressure or too much sugar in a person's blood. Family traits with diabetes pass down their genetics to families in the new generation.

Type 2 diabetes is a very well known disease throughout the US. There are about 27 million people in the US with the disease and 86 million others have prediabetes which means their blood glucose is not right but also not high enough to be diabetes yet. 208,000 people under the age of twenty have been diagnosed with either Type 1 or 2 Diabetes.

The high-risk populations are individuals with increased propensity to greater risk of poor mental, physical, emotional, and social health (Olokoba, Obateru, & Olokoba, (2012). The high-risk individuals are susceptible a decreased functional status, and diminished quality of life. In many populations, the causes of the high-risk vulnerabilities are due poor utilization of health care services, poor disease management, and to a greater part, the shortage of primary care providers (Shivayogi, 2013). It is necessary to address the factors that negate effective disease management and positive health outcome with these population groups. The first step is to recognize the high-risk populations, and then initiate a high-quality improvement measures that champion health promotion, diseases prevention, and diseases management. It will also facilitate a reduction in the incidence rates of the diseases associated with these population groups. The aim of this paper is to (a) discuss a high-risk population for T2DM, and utilize the epidemiological terminology to describe the high-risk population and their risk factors, and (b) discuss the negative health outcome associated with uncontrolled T2DM.

Mrs. Scott is receiving glyburide, a sulfanuria, to treat her diabetes mellitus type II, formerly know as adult onset or non insulin dependent. Type II diabetes mellitus involves a decreased ability to use the insulin produced by the beta cells of the pancreas (Doenges, Moorhouse, and Murr 2010, 1). Sulfanuria drugs, such as glyburides, are specifically used for lowering the glucose level in the blood by working on three of the four main metabolic factors of type two diabetes. In type II diabetes, there are four main metabolic factors that are involved in the regulation of insulin and glucose; insulin production in the pancreas, glycogenolysis in the liver, adipokines regulation in the adipose tissue, and receptor site sensitivity in the muscles.

Diabetes is one the most critical medical issues of our time. According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention nearly 26 million Americans (approximately 8% of all Americans) have diabetes and an estimated of 79 million adults are pre-diabetes. Approximately $200 billion per year is lost due to diabetes because of medical treatments and lost wages. Insulin resistance and the dysfunction of beta cells are the two pathogenic hallmarks of the development and progression of T2DM. Studies have shown that pancreatic beta cell functional mass is affected in T2DM (1, 2). Secretion of insulin stimulated by glucose is lower in human islets of Langerhans isolated from patients with T2DM than from normal individuals (1, 3). Knowledge of the molecular mechanism underlying defects in beta cell function found in humans and animal models of T2DM is incomplete. Without a more complete understanding of the mechanisms that regulate beta cell insulin secretion we will be unable to develop new approaches to prevent and treat diabetes.