A Simplified Approach For Optimization Of The Tube System

After the analysis on the first design brought to light the zero for members, it was decided that these members should be removed. In order to combat the flex of such a simple design the decision was made to double the thickness. This design would have the same outer frame of two triangles with a height of 20 centimeters and a width of 40 centimeters. Instead of being spaced five centimeters apart the wood be bonded directly together using Gorilla Glue. Balsa wood, a very lightweight wood with properties similar to a dense foam, was used for the main supporting member. Basswood, a lightweight yet firm wood, was used for the horizontal member. The final design added a triple layer sheet of balsa wood to rear side of the truss. This balsa sheet was added for the purpose of mounting and supporting the main structure. Additionally, a five centimeter square frame of bass wood was added at the end of the boomilever to place the loading block for testing. Once this design was implemented two key issues were discovered. First, due to the properties of the bass wood and balsa wood it was obvious that the placement needed to be reversed. The bass wood should be used for the hypotenuse and the balsa wood should be used for the

This document’s purpose is to look for various available bracings used in a steel structure, which can be applied during construction to prevent the building from succumbing to the damage occurred due to the lateral movement, vertical movement, oscillatory movement, etc. caused by the seismic forces such as earthquake force and also forces such as wind load acting laterally.

Several Australian Standards have been identified through the early stages of preliminary research. The purpose of these standards is to ensure structural safety for the Australian community in the present and in future. The Building Code of Australia (BCA) comes up with the required codes and requirement that ought to be followed whenever a structure is being laid. Among these standards are the AS 5100 bridge design, the AS 3600 concrete design and the AS 4100 steel structure design standards.

Before the Twin Towers were built, buildings were never built to the 110 floors planned for the towers for a number of reasons. The winds in New York City could reach 100 miles per hour on some days, which caused a great amount of stress on the taller buildings in the city. Originally, buildings of the time were built with support columns ever 30 feet or so which created a solid structure but not much wide open floor space. Due to the planned height of the Twin Towers, weather could be different at the top and the bottom of the towers. To combat this, the buildings were constructed like a tube, with high-strength steel around the edges and a “core” in the middle of the buildings which was to house the elevator shafts which would help to withstand the strength of the wind and also cut down on the materials needed and therefore the cost. This was accomplished with sets of three 30-foot column lattices that were welded together offsite and then constructed at the towers using Kangaroo Cranes,

During this time frame building supplies that were used to build these homes and other projects were sound and a lot more natural and raw than today’s building materials. Using these materials would lead to better construction techniques that were to be the builder’s goal. The total structural support of the World Trade Center would be on the strength of the outer shell or exterior supports. All offices and its contents would only add more weight to these supports. These metal beams and supports that would help stabilize the world’s tallest building, at the time would be unique and different than other beams and supports. “Not only was the construction of the World Trade Center unique, but the tools used to construct it were as well. To erect the tallest building in the world, "kangaroo cranes" were brought over from Australia. These mighty building machines could raise themselves up through the use of heavy-duty hydraulics, in effect growing with the building itself. The building of the Twin Towers marks the first time such cranes were used in America” (Franco). The fire ratings from the 1970’s till now have gone through quite a few

Chicago, Illinois is home of the Cubs, Oprah and most notably it has a skyline filled with amazing skyscrapers. It was in this city that stone masonry, due to its tendency to be very heavy and needing a strong foundation and also its low tensile strength, was enthusiastically replaced by the steel skeleton of the world’s first skyscraper, the Home Insurance Building. This American city currently boasts of another feat, the world’s tallest building designed by a woman. Jeanne Gang designed the mixed-use high-rise, Aqua Tower (fig.1) for the urban setting of Chicago. Aqua Tower is the greenest and most appealing skyscraper in a place that has inspired some of the country’s greatest architecture. By using digital tools, Gang has fused traditional methods of building with an organic and sculptural façade that a few years ago would not have been achievable.

Today, some building codes may require a more rigorous structural design methodology than is associated with conventional construction. This requirement may result from a need for better building performance when the structure is exposed to moderate-to-high wind, seismic, and snow loads. An example of published

In the quake zone the Forbidden city in Beijing has stood for centuries past and in the documentary, Secrets of Chinas Forbidden City, the secret to the structural survival where unveiled. To determine the quake level that the Forbidden city building structure can withstand, a 1/5 scale model was constructed from the timber frame that is used in the palace of longevity and health. The construction method that was used is that of the traditional carpentry tools and techniques. Due to the simple joint connection that allow mobility during the earthquakes the forbidden city has lasted for centuries. The columns that holds the weight of the building are not connected to the stone bases, which allow the building to move freely and enabling the flexibility

The 12th century Gothic builders were the first to discover how to construct great buildings were their stability depended upon knowing how to transmit the thrust through specific parts of the structure, the buttresses that formed its skeletal and the ribs not upon the thickness of their walls. The result was a dynamically stable architecture capable of building

Double brick houses are constructed using a layer of concrete block and on the exterior, an adjacent layer of bricks. If the bricks were to be removed, the structure will experience structural failure because the brick is part of the building’s support system, structurally

From the towering Empire State Building to the revolving Space Needle, to the retired USS Constitution in Boston, I was enthralled by why they were created and how they operated. As I grew older, I discovered the National Geographic series, Megastructures, which contains a vast collection of documentaries depicting the engineering feats of the greatest bridges, ships, airplanes, and skyscrapers. It made me wonder what it would be like to build my own megastructure, asking myself questions: What if I could build a skyscraper twice the height of the Burj Khalifa in Dubai? What kind of elevator can I design to carry people up to the tallest floor in no time? How would it support itself without collapsing? Are there cranes tall enough to help with the construction? Can I use robots and 3D printers to stack the blocks instead of using cranes? As I continue to explore the questions, I grasp the tremendous challenges these megastructures bring. At the same time, I see an endless amount of opportunities if given the time to put my mind to solving them. I am hopeful it will start at UC. My passion for megastructures and my curiosity to seek answers, as well as a friend’s dad, an architect who introduced me to the various design projects he worked on, influenced me to want to pursue a career in mechanical or civil engineering. Over the years, I have continued to explore and learn about emerging

In my life I have had many tubing adventures so I am going to to tell you my best ones.

In order to design such a building for seismological risks, preliminary research is done about the geological conditions of the city, fault locations, and earthquake history. Three earthquakes were chosen that occurred in the vicinity of the city, and their characteristics were analyzed, as were any effects resulting from those quakes, including liquefaction, landslides, or settlement. At the conclusion of this project, recommendations for the structure were provided in relation to the seismic analysis of the area. The structure must follow any codes regarding seismic design, as well as perform up to the standard set by various organizations, such as the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).

site then four full story high trusses two at each end of the building project

Although these problems were corrected and the idea of building a skyscraper became a feasible task, there were many conditions that had to be taken into account, that did not need consideration when building a structure less than 40 stories tall. Four story buildings are supported by their own walls; however a new method needed to be created for skyscrapers since the previous building method would not provide enough support. Metal skeletal frames made of columns and beams were then developed to provide the support and strength needed for the skyscrapers. As the buildings grew taller, their structural design was made lighter and stiffer. Also, as the buildings grew taller, wind became an important issue. Normally, the force that acts on the skyscraper pushes directly downward towards the ground that would then counter balance that push. However, when an additional force acts on it, such as wind, the forces would act differently on the skyscraper. With a lateral force acting on the building, the steel columns of the frame on the windy side would stretch apart slightly while the columns on the other side would compress. Therefore, the skeletal frame built had to be made so that the structure would be free to move slightly with the wind and, at the same time, remain sturdy.