A Status on the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program in the Philippines

When, Moody first got to Madison County in Mississippi she was surprised to see that the Black community vastly outnumbers the white community and many Black people in the county owned large plots of land. She was at first under the impression that this would mean there was less poverty than what she saw in her hometown, however she soon learned that land did not directly relate to prosperity. “I just didn’t see how the Negros in Madison County could be so badly off…as Mrs. Chinn explained that night, the federal government controls cotton by giving each state a certain allotment. Each state decides how much each county gets and each county distributes the allotments to the farmers. It always ends up with the white people getting most of the allotments” (313). Though the action of the state, the opportunity for Black farmers to accumulate was non-existent. Economic prosperity would always favor white people because with economic freedom came power and influence, neither of which Black people were allowed to have in the Jim Crow south.

came to dominate agriculture and ruin the free coloni (farmers)..” Document 3. Slavery took jobs away from the free peasants, and because they could not compete with slaves, they either became tenant farmers or unemployed city dwellers. The use of cheap slave labor discourages improvements in

The acquisition of Philippines by the United States is the topic that is going to be focused upon throughout this paper. The historical context of this topic deserves to analyzed with reference to both the primary and secondary readings assigned. The highlighted issue takes place after the treaty of Paris was signed between the United States and Spain which liberated Spain’s remaining colonies. Towards the end of the 19th century, Americans were influenced by the ideology of imperialism. They believed that advanced industrialized nations like the United States, Great Britain and France needed to acquire colonies in order to provide raw materials to feed their industrial economies. Extensive markets were wanted in order to sell finished products to those colonial masses.

According to Document I, wealthy absentee land owners were common in the Caribbean. Their investments into sugar plantations necessitated so little work that they did not physically have to be present to acquire the benefits of them. Owning a sugar plantation was just another easy investment for the land owners. The pictures in Document J show the hard work performed by the slaves, and the single supervisor watching them. The supervisor was the only worker that needed to be paid, while the slaves were being forced to work for free.

Source B is unreliable as it does not corroborate with contextual knowledge. The land reform was popular among peasants In their Mutual Aid teams, they would work on each other’s land, fertilising, killing pests or harvesting so that each family’s plot would become more productive. The government supplied extra fertiliser and tools to reward families who grew more food. Therefore, peasants were more inclined to adhere to the reform and produce more in order to reap the monetary benefits of doing so. Hence, Source B is unreliable and opposes the

Sharecropping is the agreement between white plantation owners and former slaves or poor whites to hold a portion of land to pay rent and farm on, while they pay the owners a portion of earnings from the crops they produce. This way, if the former slaves or poor whites were not eligible to begin farming on their own due to their lack of money and/or tools, they can at least earn a small portion of their own to begin. The two sources in this essay are both contract agreements between land owner and sharecroppers. Both present similar ideas and specifications within their own contract, including responsibilities for the croppers aside from planting such as cleaning the stables, ditching, and fencing, while also proposing differences, such as

Annotated Bibliography Pennick, Edward ““Jerry””. "The Struggle for Control of America's Production Agriculture System and Its Impact on African American Farmers." Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts 5, no. 1 (2011): 113-20. doi:10.2979/racethmulglocon.5.1.113. The South African agriculture, mainly the smallholders have been impacted negatively by the advancement of technology in this industry. There have been arguments about the best suitable type of food and fiber for not only Americans, but the whole world. As population increased, both corporate and sustainable agriculture were introduced to regulate the future of agriculture. Although a large number of African Americans in southern rural area of America counted on agriculture

This chapter describes The Aguán Valley and land for the people, much like the people of Venezuela the people of Honduras are being treated badly because of the resources these countries have. In the beginning in of the book there was a foreword that was written by Eric Holt-Giménez. He explains what Land grabs are I would like to refer to the first page “land grabs are a means to power and control. This simple fact often lost in current debates over “large-scale land acquisitions”- is the central thesis of this book about the heroic struggle by peasants in the Aguán Valley of Honduras to keep their land in the face of the rapacious national elites bent on taking it” (Foreword). Often times, only the wealthy and the elites try to take power from the poor because more times than not, the poor do not have resources available to them like the rich.

Before the Spanish American war occurred, the Philippines were under the control of Spain; after, they were at the mercy of America and their decision on whether or not to annex them. Unfortunately, America decided to annex them because it would be dishonorable to give the Philippines back to Spain and it would also open up a trade route between the two nations. However, America should not have annexed the Philippines as Americans and Filipinos could have still traded if they became allies instead, and while annexing the Philippines they got rid of their culture and customs. Additionally, Americans feared that annexing the Philippines was a step towards creating an American Empire.

In the 1900’s, the United States has expanded their trading routes with oriental lands such as the Philippines. A striking speech, delivered by a first-term republican senator, Albert J. Beveridge, strongly advocates the annexation of the Philippine islands to the USA. The most striking points about the senator’s speech are his three poorly thought out reasons justifying Americans to colonize the Philippines, which were religion, profit, and race.

Introduction and short summary of this story: This short story by Charles W. Chesnut deals predominately with recurrent themes of racialism, abject class differences, economic deprivations of poor, servile black slave laborers in vineyard cultivation areas and most of all, how bourgeois landowners use every trick in the book to deprive slaves of their earned rights in the land they laboriously and ceaselessly toil in order to earn a honest living.

Under the new regime agriculture developed rapidly, commerce and trade soared to unprecedented levels, transportation and communication were modernized, banking and currency improved, the manufacturing industries were transformed. As compared with the Spanish era, economic progress of the Philippines during the American era forged ahead with great strides. (291)

Introduction Although many still think of the Philippines as an agricultural economy, strictly speaking, it is not. Agriculture, fishery and forestry directly account for just one-fifth (20 percent) of the economy’s aggregate domestic output (GDP). Ever since the 1960s, the direct share of agriculture in the GDP had fallen below one-third, and by 1981, the sector’s share had decreased to only 23 percent. Growth from this level was rather anemic, averaging 1.7 percent per annum during the period 1981-2003, compared to the average overall GDP growth of 2.6% over the same period. While agriculture output was largely

      Due to the effects of urbanization and industry, the amount of land available for agriculture is rapidly reducing. Of the total land area of 792,607 hectares for Negros Occidental (the Philippines) the Alienable and Disposable (A & D) areas covers 68.17 percent 0r 540,350.13 hectares. Classified Forest Land occupies 31.83 percent ( 252,256.53 hectares). Cropland makes up most of which is considered Alienable and Disposable. This includes the residential, commercial and institutional areas as well as agricultural lands. Fish ponds are also found in this area occupying an area of 9,333.14 hectares. Zoning and land use plans have been put into place to regulate the development of communities ensuring that the distribution of land is properly allocated so that it is not in incompatible use. Despite these measures, many farmers are very poor. The average size of an individual farm in the Philippines is 1.5. hectares. Small farms can only produce enough for subsistence purposes.

The Spanish colonization in the Philippines lead to us to make some questions in our mind on how does the Filipino survived? Even though they