A Student Questions : Take Home Exam

There are many different type of cancers, there are also many different types of treatments. One of the most known types of treatments would be chemotherapy. Chemotherapy can be used for a wide range of different types of cancers and diseases, and each of the different types of cancers or diseases require a different group, and sometimes order, of chemicals to properly treat the cancer or disease. These chemicals include: Alkylating agents, Antimetabolites, Anthracyclines, Topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, corticosteroids, and more. Each of these drugs previously listed have its own cancer type(s) or disease(s) that it can assist in treating. Some of these cancers include: Leukemia, Lymphoma, Hodgkin disease, multiple

Throughout the years, a diagnosis of cancer has been an uphill battle for both patients and doctors alike. An individual faces an incurable disease that is notorious for taking away lives by the numbers. Victims of the pathogen are at risk of it spreading to other parts of the body, facing an excruciating amount of pain and eventual death. If caught in an early stage the carcinogen can be removed through various treatments. However, throughout the years treatments have been limited to patients which can cause physical, and financial hardships. It is not until the age of biotechnology and more scientific research occurred that immunotherapy became a possible treatment for those in need. Immunology has been in the scientific world since the

The research presented in Jedd D. Wolchok “Cancer’s Off Switch” examines two different forms of immunotherapy used to treat cancer cells by boosting the patient's own immune system defenses. The article provides a comprehensive history of the scientific discoveries and previous research that lead to the immunotherapy treatments, specifically the different levels of the immune system. In addition, the article addresses two different methods of immunotherapy currently in testing in clinical use. The research is educationally significant because it focuses on the body's internal defense system and attempts to disable the brakes cancer cells enforce on the immune system, which has shown progress in both tumor size regression and improvements in

cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Radiation therapy is a treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. Immunotherapy is a treatment that uses the patient’s immune system to fight cancer. Lastly targeted therapy, is the treatment that uses drugs and other substances to attack cancer cells. Some of these treatments are standard and others are being clinically tested in clinical trials. Patients may enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment. Follow-up tests may be needed.

Genetic engineering allows biologists to manipulate an organism's genomes by utilizing biotechnology (Moulton, 2004 ). The Talimogene Laherparepvec virus, otherwise known as T-vec, is an oncolytic virus. A oncolytic virus, is a virus that destroys cancerous cells. The T-vec virus has recently had successful results for treating melanoma cancer. The virus originated from the herpes simplex virus 1 and has been genetically altered to help destroy cancer cells.The virus gets injected into the lesions, lesions are areas on or in the body that have been damaged . Not only does the virus destroy cancer cells, it also activities the immune system to attack the cancer cells. Many changes were done to diminish the virus, expand the selective for the cancer cells, and release the cytokine. The modifications that were implanted in the virus were, HSV-1 strain (JS1) which is the DNA set of the herpes virus, that increases the death of the tumour cells. To delete ICP34.5, that stops the HSV infection in the cells that are not tumorous, and will provide selective tumour duplication. As Well as the deletion of ICP47 that allows antigen presentation, an antigen is a substance that helps enable an immune response. Placing in the US11 will

As the cancer continues to spread throughout society, many treatments are creating in order to help the patients during their time in need. Although the most popular and used often

This new remedy that scientists are experimenting with is called virotherapy. Virotherapy was defined in the article as viruses that have been genetically engineered to find and kill cancer cells while leaving healthy cells untouched. A treatment such as this has been a favorable one considering how the traditional cancer chemotherapies have been known to not only attack cancer

According to Rosenberg (1988), the field of immunotherapy has become an area of significant and increasing interest within the field of medical science, prompted by the recent advances in knowledge of both biotechnology and cellular immunology. The field of immunology has produced revolutionary developments such as vaccines, which have prevented and decreased the occurrence of numerous infectious diseases over the past two centuries (Oviedo-Orta et al. 2013). Vaccine development has in turn combined immunology and drug design, resulting in a great deal of innovation over the last four decades endeavouring to expand the benefit of immunology past vaccines against foreign pathogens, and towards the treatment of chronic debilitating diseases.

They can be composed by using extracted immune cells from a brain cancer patient, and then engineering them to express proteins on their surface that would recognize and destroy glioblastoma tumor cells. The modified immune cells are called chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR T cells). They were injected into the brain six times and the tumor stopped growing. There is one treatment for adults, called bevacizumab, and the other one for children, called dinutuximab. Scientists are currently testing brain cancer immunotherapies in the clinical trial phase. These include adoptive cell therapy, adjuvant immunotherapies, cancer vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic virus therapy, and monoclonal

Lymphoma is a cancer that starts in our cells and affects our immune system (“Lymphoma”). The natural killer cells in our bodies, also known as NK cells, can fight off the malignant lymphoma cells for our immune system. They are an important part of our immune system because they allow immunity of dangerous and altered structures. The only problem is, they lose their effect once they are within the vicinity of the tumor itself. With belief that natural killer cells are very therapeutic to killing lymphoma cells, scientists of Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen have discovered a way to fix this.

    Cancer is a disease in which cells multiply out of control and gradually build a mass of tissue called a tumor. There has been a large amount of research dedicated to the treatment and cure of cancer. Several types of treatments have been developed. The following are just some of the major examples of cancer therapy: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biologic therapy, biorhythms, unconventional treatments, and hyperthermia. Each type of treatment is discussed in detail below.

Immunotherapy is a great often overlooked benchmark to reveal just how high tech or advanced a specialized cancer center really is. It is important to point out that Envita has developed a phase I drug study about using the body 's own immune system to fight cancer- and have subsequently researched, studied, and adopted numerous immunotherapy techniques over the last 10 years. Immunotherapy remains a primary focus for Envita.

Cancer is a collection of diseases that are caused by the division of abnormal cells that spread to other areas and tissues of the body, growing uncontrollably and forming a mass of tissue called a tumor. It is a genetic disease, causing changes to our genes to control the way cells function, grow, and divide, and can be inherited from our parents as well as resulting from environmental exposures such as UV rays, radiation, and smoking. While there are many successful treatments to help treat and cure different types of cancer, new forms of treatment known collectively as immunotherapy have been discovered to help battle the cancers that do not respond to typical cancer treatment, such as adoptive cell transfer or ACT. In the article Adoptive

Over 14.5 million people have cancer in the United States today. Cancer has been one of the leading causes of death for a while. There are various types of treatments used to treat cancer. Although Chemotherapy and Radiation are common cancer treatments, Immunotherapy is on its way to becoming a side-effect free, FDA approved, cure.

Several methods such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have been used to treat cancers. The cancer patients who are not helped