A Study Of The Developing Enteric Nervous System During The Human Fetal Colon

19.The autonomic nervous system division of the PNS consists of nerves which control all of the involuntarymuscles, organs, glands, and sensory pathway nerves.

The stomach is an organ that is part of the digestive system. The stomach is located in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity, below the diaphragm and next to the liver (Stomach, 2013). The inner walls of the stomach contain small pores called gastric pits. The gastric pits contain cells that secrete chemicals that aid in the digestion of food (Nguyen, 2015). In this essay, I will discuss the different cell types of the stomach, how they work together to provide the overall function of the stomach, why each organ requires different cell types, why the stomach can’t be comprised of just one cell type, and the advantage of having different types of cells.

* The nervous phase = this is where the presence of the food within the mouth and the action of swallowing resulted in the reflex stimulation of the mucus cells so that the gastric juice can be released.

The autonomic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs. It typically operates on the unconscious level, automatically. Klawans explains to a man who came to him with the inability to read how the autonomic system works. The man, who had urinary issues and woke up several times in the night to use the bathroom, was awakened by his autonomic nervous system.

Describe the role of the parasympathetic nervous system relative to digestive movements. The PNS is responsible for stimulating digestion by increasing blood flow to the digestive tract. The PNS stimulates salivary gland secretion and increases peristalsis. This increases the

Once again my mini-sub and I will be miniaturized (8 microns long) and witnessing another ‘Fantastic Voyage’ in a human body. This time I will be swallowed by George, a 55 years old man, while he is eating his meal consisting of a hamburger, French fries and a soda. I will pilot my mini-sub through George’s GI (gastrointestinal tract), which is the tube that starts with the mouth and proceeds to the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, large intestine (or colon), rectum and, finally, the anus (Pansky, 2007). Along this pathway I will describe the digestion of George’s meal and the major structures that I will encounter. Arrived to the distal

Once stimulated by the chemoreceptor trigger zone, the integrative vomiting centre coordinates the activation of all the nearby neural structures required to produce the multifaceted patterned response that will then lead to the processing and action of vomiting. The integrative vomiting centre coordinates the various inputs to the motor component of the emetic reflex, consisting of both somatic and autonomic systems, as the reflex involves both voluntary and involuntary processes. The abdominal and respiratory musculature, and visceral components involved in mediating changes in gastric motility and gastric tone are controlled by somatic pathways, while the autonomic pathways control sweating, salivation and pallidity of the skin. The activation of autonomic pathways plays a role in the intensity and duration of the nausea that accompanies emesis, as opposed to the actual action of vomiting (myVMC,

Once again we have been miniaturized in the submarine to continue the fantastic voyage of the digestive system. We will be touring a 55-year-old male. The host will be having a hamburger, French fries, and a root beer. We will be tracing lunch through the digestion process. Digestion is the process of turning the food that is ate into energy needed to survive and involves creating waste to be eliminated. (Mohan, 2010). The digestive tract is a long twisting tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus, called the alimentary canal. The wall of this tube is fashioned of four layers of tissue. The layers are listed from the inside coat to the outside coat: mucosa or mucus membrane, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. The hollow space

It is a large patient dissatisfier with many of my patients telling me that they would rather experience post operative pain (which they expected) than nausea (which they did not expect). The pathophysiology of PONV is very complex, because it can be triggered by several perioperative stimuli; including opioids, volatile anaesthetics, anxiety, adverse drug reactions and motion( ). The complex set of activities that culminate in vomiting come from two anatomically unique and distinct units within the brain stem; the vomiting center and Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CTZ) (Smith-Collins, 2011, p.36). They receive information/signals from a number of outlying sources and their excitement triggers vomiting. The "vomiting center" receives afferent (nerve fibers carrying sensory information toward a location) signals from several major sources; Viseral afferents from the Gastrointestinal Tract (GI distention, irritation), Viseralafferents outside the GI tract (Bile ducts, heart, variety of other organs), afferents from outside the area of the vomiting center of the brain responsible for vestibular disturbances (motion), psychic stimuli (odors, fear) and trauma, along with the CTZ. Since the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CRZ) is situated outside of the blood brain barrier its responsibility is to detect chemical abnormalities in the body, such as

The function of the pancreas has a substantial part in the regulation of the digestive system. The small intestine alongside the pancreas also contributes many features to the signaling pathways protein and other major enzymes must undergo before reaching the exocytosis stage. Specific hormones and receptors help in the necessary release of such enzyme. Secretagogues initiates particular signals throughout the progression and development of the digestive system. The enteric nervous system will later address the complexity of neurotransmitters as well as intra and extracellular mechanisms.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is an essential, independent system of monitoring and control regulating nutrient absorption, secretion, motility, blood flow, and sensation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (reviewed by Beattie and Smith, 2008; Molderings, 2012). The ENS consists of more than 100 million neurons scattered throughout the gut in clusters called ganglia, which innervate adjacent tissues and organs, including the esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, and gallbladder. At the molecular level, more than 30 transmitters and cotransmitters have been identified, including serotonin. As is the case with the central nervous system (CNS) (reviewed by Gillette, 2006), the main role that serotonin plays in the gut is neuromodulatory (reviewed by Molderings, 2012). In particular, the enteric serotonergic pathways are important for regulating smooth muscle tone, peristalsis, secretion, and sensation (reviewed by Beattie and Smith, 2008).

the CNS and the bowel by acting at specific saturable opioid receptors in the CNS and other

Smooth muscle cells of the ileum spontaneously contract due to the presence of pacemaker cells, called Cajal cells (Widmaier et al., 2014d). However, these smooth muscle they are also innervated by autonomic nerves, which can be stimulated to change contraction rates by stimulating. Figure 1, shows the effect of nerve stimulation of 17volts on isolated ileum tissue. Stimulating sympathetic (sympathetic nerves was stimulated for this particular tissue), causes release of noradrenaline, which inhabits contraction of smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, according to table 1, there is a -58.83% change in contraction amplitude. It can be extrapolated that fewer smooth muscles are contracting. At lower voltages, a weaker response was observed, as voltage is increased a stronger response was observed. Increasing the voltage, means more neurons are being recruited (Widmaier et al., 2014b). In this particular experiment, stimulation of nerves around the mesenteric artery caused an inhibitory response, therefore at higher voltages, more smooth muscles are being inhibited.

as the colon is the distal part of our digestive system, so having some different pysiological features rather than upper GI tract as:-