A Study On Biology Shreya Jain

Western Australia works very hard to protect its borders by using strict quarantine procedures. This

Who is to say that what is happening within quarantine is productive? The medical personnel could be conducting illegal experiments and basically torturing all the sick people in there, with barely any authoritative supervision. ‘Rules don’t guarantee results, and government has no solid reason to be careful about who gets put into the camps and why”

Avoiding contact with infected poultry is also critical. This is why there has been such concern about the recent avian flu epidemic in the United States, although fortunately this has remained confined to animals alone thus far. “The bird flu virus has killed about 50 million birds this year” alone (Thurston 2015). Experts believe that the flu epidemic in the U.S. began when wild birds migrating north came into contact with birds from the American Midwest although there is disagreement as to whether keeping birds inside or any precautions could have prevented the illness (Weintraub

There are policies currently in action to stop the spread of indigenous species. the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) are in charge of many of these policies. Quarantines are one of the main policies used to prevent the spread of these species. A quarantine is defined as a legal registration on movement. Two of the largest examples of quarantines are for the Emerald Ash Borer and the Asian Long-Horned Beetle. For the affected areas, it is illegal to move wood products in quarantined areas because that is how these insects spread to new areas. The punishments for breaking the quarantine consist mostly of fines.

Being quarantined during the late 1800s was the traditional national strategy dealing with the importation of infectious diseases, but because trade and travel was growing this was no longer an effective way to stop the spread of illnesses (Fidler 1997, 24). The inadequate public health and sanitation system that existed throughout the 19th century to current day has been combined with travel and trade to urgently produce the globalization of public health according to David P. Fidler (1997, 25). The Zika virus is fundamentally a disease of poverty. With the push to modernize, the gap between the rich and poor has been advancing more than ever, creating a breeding ground for these infectious diseases to seek new hosts (Koch, 2016). Safe running water, improved hygiene and sanitation, and better housing would go a long way towards reducing the risk of Zika virus in the Americas and the Caribbean (Gounder, 2016). The development of the global market has increased economic competition in which the government has cut back on funding of public health programs, leaving countries in situations where they are unprepared to deal with the emergence of diseases (Fidler 1996, 78). This is where the World Health Organization becomes an important

Disease control, elimination, and eradication are three very closely related terms. Disease control is when a disease attributes for a reduced number of infections due to deliberate human interaction. For disease control to continue, human intervention must continue as well. Elimination is when there is no occurrence of the disease in a specific geographical location because of human intervention. Similar to disease control, human intervention must continue for the geographical location to maintain the elimination of the disease. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, disease eradication is the “permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts.” Unlike elimination and control, disease eradication requires no further human intervention once the eradication process is completely successful. Disease eradication requires much more planning, funding, and global support than disease control and disease elimination. Many developing nations struggle implicating an eradication program because they lack the government stability, funding, and other key factors that play a huge part in the success of a disease eradication program. Due the many factors influencing eradiation, only two diseases have successfully been eradicated: smallpox and rinderpest.

.This field deals with issues that science has difficulties in addressing such as very porous border it is difficult to control infectious diseases, such as quarantine and isolation can be justify where there is risk of harm to others. If we must achieve health care goals and prevent epidemics and spread of diseases in our community, we must know that health policy is very important. Major roles have been promoted as a result of Public health science.

Disease surveillance systems, in relation to preparedness, consist of a security that endevors to make future catastrophic events available for immediate intervention. The primary purpose of the surveillance system is to assess public health status, define public health priorities, evaluate programs, and stimulate research. The system offers the opportunity to identify target populations in need of health services (morbidity surveillance in emergency shelters, for instance), providing pertinent information to public health representative to detect health topics that educational programs and media can addressed. The purpose of collecting surveillance data is to monitor disease trends, detect outbreaks, provide information to plan public health interventions, and stimulate research. Although specific uses of surveillance data vary depending on organization or agency, at the State and local levels, agencies might assure accurate diagnosis and treatment of infected persons, manage exposed people to disease, detect outbreaks, and guide the public. In this paper, the group will write a literature review on The New York

The risk of arbovirus infection is high when the numbers of mosquito vectors are large. To predict and prepare for the future arboviruses outbreak, the Victorian arbovirus disease control program has initiated in 10 different local areas (DSE, 2004). Monitoring mosquito vector by collecting around 31,000 mosquitoes for species identification and arbovirus detection (2013-2014). Recent report suggested that inland sites usually have lower in numbers compare to the coastal populations, except in the North-West region after heavy rainfall (Knope et al., 2016b). The dominant species in inland area was Culex annulirostris, where Aedes camptorhynchus was the highest detected species in the coastal areas (Knope et al., 2016b).

Guidelines are used in all countries to identify the properties, objectives and and to find a goal for the disease. The first step to control a disease is to establish a disease control program and follow certain steps. The first step would to be able to get as much detailed information as possible, this would be things such as what kind of disease situation it is, the disease impacts (what and who this disease could affect), the identity of the disease. Another step to establishing this program is to identify the biological factors of the disease. Biological factors can be factors such as the species affected, transmissibility, modes of transmission, distribution and density of the

When speaking of epidemics, the memories which come to mind are different for different people; for those who lived in Hong Kong in 2002-2003, images that spring up would almost invariably be of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, the epidemic known to man as SARS in short. Sharing with us the three-letter acronym (SAR) which was given to us by our leaders in China, this ordeal has left its mark on our city in more ways than one. It had caused a widespread wave of mysophobia and health consciousness among the Hong Kong people, which outlasted the SARS epidemic but is probably slowly waning. It has also raised the awareness of the government of the importance of the control of infectious diseases, both in the community and in the clinical setting. Most importantly, SARS showed us what works and what needs improving in terms of infection control in the event of a major epidemic.

Foreign animal disease, or transboundary animal diseases, has become a concern worldwide as international trades increase and foreign investment restrictions loosen in the recent decades. Transboundary animal diseases, defined as “those that are of significant economic, trade and/or food security importance for a considerable number of countries; which can easily spread to other countries and reach epidemic proportions; and where control/management, including exclusion, requires cooperation between several countries,” can be difficult to eliminate from a country once an outbreak occurred and thus require adequate border surveillance and strict import controls to prevent the spread of the disease.3

In the trend of globalization people, food and goods are being transported from on country to the other for merchandizing and business purpose. While this transportation is being globally practiced, a high sense of risk is involved whereby the food supplies raises questions about safety standards for food production and processing. Many other countries, especially developing ones (where much of the new food imports originate), do not possess the same health and sanitary safeguards that some developed countries have. This raises the potential for the transmission of goods infected with pathogenic microorganisms into more develop states

‘to implement appropriate regulations to facilitate trade in plants and plant products in the least “trade restrictive” manner while minimising the introduction of regulated pests.’(Whattam et al., 2014)

Aedes albopictus is considered to be the most invasive mosquito species in the world (1, 2) and there is an increased potential for its introduction into mainland Australia given the established populations discovered, since 2005, in the Torres Strait, the region that sandwiches between Papua New Guinea (PNG) and northern Australia (3). The aedine mosquito species have been culpably involved in the transmission cycles of pathogens of public health importance (1). Aedes albopictus is known to have both field and laboratory proven vector competence for a number of emerging and re-emerging viruses including chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV). CHIKV and DENV are arthropod-borne (arboviruses) viruses transmitted by the Aedes genus (4). Dengue is considered the most important arboviral disease in the world affecting 390 million people every year (5, 6), and CHIKV has continued to conquer new territories; charting an unprecedented worldwide expansion (7-11). In Australia, dengue outbreaks occur regularly in northern Queensland where there is Aedes aegypti (12-14). Between November 2008 and May 2009, more than one thousand confirmed autochthonous cases of dengue were recorded in Cairns, north Queensland, and Aedes aegypti, the only competent dengue vector, at the time, was implicated. There is increasing global concern about recent outbreaks of pathogenic arboviruses from diverse viral families including