A Study On Integrated Transportation System

Urban sprawl is a concept that describes the spread of human populations from the major cities or urban areas into the low-density rural communities. Several factors are attributed to cause urban sprawl, such as lower land rates in rural areas, improved infrastructure, lack of effective urban planning, rise of population growth in the cities, and consumer preferences among others. Urban sprawl is considered to present significant benefits to individuals. For example, access of cheap land, better school systems in the suburbs, low crime rates and a sense of community. However, urban sprawl is considered undesirable due to factors like increasing the level of public expenditure in the development of infrastructure, increased health problems due to the spread of pollution, environmental degradation, and increased traffic in cities among others. This paper examines the concept of urban sprawl in the developing cities like the City of Edmonton, focusing on the policies that could be implemented to enhance population in the city and minimize the events of urban sprawl.

Three problems with the rapid growth of cities: increased poverty across the city, poor living conditions, and the birth of the political machine.

Development: As the population grows there is need for urban development which could be intrusive on the

Growth costs more money in taxes and costs more for government services. Growth puts more stain on the majority of the population in health and quality of life, such as increase pollution, traffic, and strain on public works, while distributing the benefits to a small segment of the community. Jobs are not created by growth, but are simply redistributed from and among other localities. Additionally, the fastest growing metropolitan areas have the most unemployment. This happens since labor is extracted from a national labor pool, and growing localities attract the unemployed who are seeking work from other localities. For labor, It is more beneficial for workers to be part of a national movement to promote full-employment, rather than support the local growth machine. Some areas that are not overpopulated have clean environments, sustainable infrastructure, and aesthetic landscapes Yet, successful competition by urban localities only help to promote depopulation, ghost towns, and depletion--or extraction--of resources in and from localities. Molotch highlights that depopulation of an area, thus declining growth, is due to political decisions in other localities to promote

According to the data from United Nations urbanization prospects 2014, in the early 20th century the urbanized population only accounted 15 percent of the world’s total population. Half century later the pace of urbanization rate accelerated and the figure reached 30 percent in 1950. After nearly 60 years of development, in year 2008 it was the first time that urban population outstripped rural population. Now in 2014 there has been 54 percent of world’s population become urban dwellers. However due to historical geographical and economic reasons, the level of urbanization varies significantly across regions. Highly urbanized regions include Northern America and Caribbean and Latin America with over 80 percent of their total population urbanized.

center. Blakely & Leigh (2013), note that good transportation systems are a necessity for the efficient movement of goods and people within the local economy.

More jobs are available, the development and increase of diversification creates opportunity, there is access to more technologies, consumption rates are at an all time high, and many gaps are being bridged between business people. There is also a much greater deal of innovation and many new opportunities that were not possible before. Although this may be the case here in America, it is not the ultimate reality globally. The relationship between economic development and urbanization is complex. As it is well noted, many studies would conclude that there is a strong positive correlation between the degree of urbanization and it’s result in per-capita income, but this case is only true in those countries that are already developed. In an effort to provide results on urbanization in developed and developing countries together, we must look at urbanization as a whole. Studies show that as a city increases in population by 10% it offers wages that are anywhere from 0.2 to 1% higher. “The conclusion of the agglomeration literature is that there is a causal static effect of cities and urbanization on wages in more advanced economies, but this effect represents only approximately half the measured association between city population or density and wages.” Overall there are many differences between developed and developing countries and some of these key differences may make it harder for cities in these developing countries to reach their full potential

Gentrification has been a controversial issue both in urban planning and politics primarily due to the displacement of poor people by the rich folks (Shaw & Hagemans, 2015). Many individuals have viewed gentrification as an illegal act that should be avoided at all costs. On the other hand, another group of people believe that gentrification is the way forward to promoting growth and development. With such contrasting ideas, this paper is going to take a look at gentrification from a positive and negative perspective, its effects, and how it can be prevented or contained. Apart from this, the paper will also address the following questions.

Official statistics indicate that 3.52 percent of Jakarta’s residents – over 312,500 people – fall below the poverty line. Living on the coast and along waterways, they are physically vulnerable to injury and property loss, and economically vulnerable as their livelihoods and employment are mostly based in these same areas.

At first glance, it can seem completely positive that so many cities are growing rapidly. Perhaps if other cities could match the population of metropolises like Tokyo, New York, Los Angeles, Osaka or London then perhaps they could mimic their economic success. However, upon further review, there is no correlation between population and gross-domestic-product (GDP). Of the top ten cities in population, only four are also top ten cities in terms of GDP. In fact, rounding out the top ten cities by GDP are the cities San Fransisco and Boston - which are only ranked 35th and 48th in terms of the population respectively. (chart on page 13).

This is purely a result of its unique history and geographical characteristics as an archipelago of

Besides, develop the village area can have plenty of advantages to Australia. For example, it can speed up the Australia technological progress, increase human capital (labor force), lower unemployment rate and develop productive frontier (Christopher. K 2015). These factors can inspire the Australia economic growth. In fact, nowadays, Australia’s technological system one of the top countries in the World. Australia the government wants to concentrate on technological progress and keep innovating because it can make Australia to become more international and become a healthy economic country. On the other hand, investing in Western Australia can increase human capital in Australia because investor can drive up the Australia economic when they spend money and pay more tax in Australia, so government will increase the income, then the government can have more budget to spend on such as education, job training, and health care to local Australian residents. According to the source, in next five years, there will be a lot of big projects in Perth. This means that there are many real estate projects such as hotels development and properties development in Perth (WA tourism 2015). This also means that in the future, Australia tourism in Western Australia development can become more mature and bigger due to more investment. According to Austrade,

Urbanisation is the process which has led to an increasing proportion of a country's population living within urban areas. It is impossible to say exactly when the process began, but in Britain it was around the time of the industrial revolution. Many people moved from rural to urban areas in search of regular employment. The MEDC's around the world are all urbanised now, with annual growth rates of urbanisation still increasing, but sustainably. LEDC's however are still rapidly urbanising. In this essay I am going to look at all the factors that cause urbanisation and evaluate why it is occurring.

Indonesia has continued to be the largest economy in Southeast Asia with a very diverse archipelago nation as well as ethnicity. With more than 17,000 islands, Indonesia is the 15th largest country in the world. Moreover, Indonesia also ranks 4th for the most populous country with population estimated at 260 million in 2016 (World Population Review, 2016). From the total population, it is estimated around 56.7% of population lives on Java, the most populous island and in which the busiest economic activities happen. In terms of economy, Indonesia is the world’s 8th largest economy based on Purchasing Power Parity with GDP per capita of $2,842,241 million in 2015 (World Bank, 2016). Surabaya as the second largest metropolitan city by population and the capital of East Java Province, make Surabaya one of the busiest port in the country.

While researching on the topic of urbanization in India, I came across a plethora of scholarly articles that suggested issues with India’s limiting urbanization policies that jeopardize its potential for growth and employment. If India’s physical expansion is left unattended, this will deplete its available resources, and lead to economic, social, and environmental challenges (Hardoy, Diana, & Satterthwaite, 2001). Although India’s physical expansion has already led to many such challenges, the optimism of economic development in its cities, and the hope for welfare, persists in many economists. If “handled well, India can reap significant benefits from urbanization. MGI offers a range of recommendations, the vast majority of which India could implement within five to ten years. If India were to follow the recommendations, it could add 1 to 1.5 percent to annual GDP growth, bringing the economy near to the double-digit growth to which the government aspires” (Sankhe). It is key to understand that urbanization in India is inevitable, and investments in infrastructure can lead to its economic development, and increase the welfare of people residing in and moving to urban areas.