A Study On Low K13 Mutation Profile

Brian, G, Y., Greenwood, D, A., Fidock, Dennis, E, K., Stefan, H, I. Kappe, P., Alonso, L., Frank, H and Collins, P (2008) “Malaria progress and prospects for eradication.” Journal Clinical Investiment. 118: 1266-1276.

Prior to D3, I was unaware malaria was a neglected disease. After learning about the magnanimous effect malaria has on the global populous and the new strain of artemisinin resistant Plasmodium falciparum I was motivated to conduct my senior seminar on artemisinin, the current antimalarial drug. My presentation was well received by the UMM chemistry faculty and led to an opportunity to research plausible mechanisms by which artemisinin leads to the death of Plasmodium falciparum under Professor Joseph

It has been estimated that 609 million people in Africa are at risk of having malaria (Mabaso et al 2007, p. 35). Almost 34% of the populations in Zambia live in endemic risk areas, while 48% of the populations are in epidemic risk (Guerra et al., 2008, p.54; WHO

Chronic infection is the rule in many endemic areas. Because of the high morbidity, manifestations of infection are regarded as normal in many societies in tropical Africa. The frequency of symptoms often related to the intensity of infection. During chronic infection the pathology is caused by eggs lodged in the tissue, which cause inflammation, fibrosis and

An urgent health public concern is raised due to the recent emergence of artemisinin resistance in P. falciparum17. Artemisinin-based combination therapy is the front-line antimalarial treatment due to its fast-acting mechanism and high potency against falciparum malaria. Surprisingly, the molecular target of this potent antimalarial drug has recently been identified to be the PI3-kinase of P. falciparum18-20. This finding, along with the essentiality and significance of PI3P described above, accentuates the need to decipher the PI3P-regulated cellular functions in P. falciparum. More importantly, many Plasmodium proteins are unique to the parasite (e.g., apicoplast enzymes and FCP), providing excellent targets for drug development. All in all, a more thorough comprehension of the important PI3P functions on the molecular basis allows for an explicit way to develop preventive and therapeutic interventions against malaria. Identification of PI3P effector proteins from a systemic point of view may provide a combinatorial drug therapy and strategy to bypass or delay the development of drug

The health and well being of the citizens of Kenya, Africa is horrific, many of the diseases that are spread are very severe which can sooner or later lead to death. With Kenya’s many water sources, Kenya has a high rate of water-borne diseases. Most of these water-borne diseases are not found in developed countries because of the sophisticated water

Malaria is acute febrile illness caused by infection of red blood cells with protozoan parasites of genus plasmodium. The four Plasmodium species that infect humans are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P.malariae. The incubation period of malaria is 7 days or more (usually 10-15 days). The

The challenge of the antimalarials drug development is to deliver a drug that should: (i) address drug-resistance issues, (ii) have a rapid onset of action, (iii) be safe, especially in children and pregnant women, and (iv) cure malaria in a single dose (v) identify novel targets. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) currently gold standard in treating uncomplicated malaria, have an inherent issue of emerging resistance. To tackle this problem, sophisticated cellular and phenotypic screening methods have identified drug candidates active against different stages of the parasites life cycle in recent years. (Table 1.0) Following are brief descriptions of such innovative strategies currently under preclinical development:

The parasite that causes malaria is developing resistance to both artemisinin and piperaquine. In Vietnam, ACTs have a failure rate of 33%; in Cambodia, it is closer to 60%. Drug-resistant malaria is mostly isolated to Southeast Asia for now, but if it spread to Africa, where 92% of malaria cases occur, could be disastrous. (Gallagher, 2017). Chloroquine-resistant malaria developed in the 1950s and spread from Southeast Asia to Africa by the 1990s; it may provide insight into how artemisinin-resistant malaria may spread and endanger Africa. (Roberts, 2016)

This article is important as it assesses the progress made in the 3 years from 2010 -2014 in malaria elimination in south Africa, while highlighting challenges and suggesting priorities for moving the malaria program towards elimination. Although South Africa has made progress since adopting an elimination agenda, there are number of challenges that have been identified in the efforts toward malaria elimination. Over the review period annual spray coverage did not reach the 90 % coverage of recommended target, with information gaps identified in parasite prevalence, artemether‑lumefantrine therapeutic utilization, asymptomatic/sub‑patent carriage, drug efficacy, vector distribution and insecticide resistance. The author recommends that the Cross‑border initiatives with neighboring countries should be established since malaria importation poses a real threat to the country’s elimination. provincial programs are adequately funded and resourced to effectively conduct the targeted elimination activities, informed by current vector/parasite distribution and resistance data. More sensitive methods to detect sub‑patent infections, primaquine as a transmission‑blocking drug, and alternative vector control methods need to be investigated. Knowledge gaps among malaria health workers and affected communities should be

*FABIAN C. AMAECHINA and ERIC K. OMOGBAI Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

Research Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India.

College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Sudan University of Science and Technology P.O. Box 204, Khartoum North, Sudan.

A proposal submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Medical Biotechnology) in the School of Pure And Applied Sciences of Kenyatta University

Since ancient times, malaria has been posing a grave threat to the mankind in terms of morbidity, mortality and economic adversity. This infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites from Plasmodium family and transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes, afflicts people from all age groups across tropical and sub- tropical regions in the world[1]. Presently, malaria is endemic in 104 countries[2].Though, in the past decade the fight against this preventable disease has been intensified worldwide and as a result , during 2000-2012 the global malarial mortality and incidence rates have declined by about 42% and 25% respectively; this deadly disease has still inflicted an estimated 207 million cases and taken 627 000 lives around the world while leaving nearly 3.4 billion people at risk of contracting the infection in 2012[3].