A Study On Phenomenology Of Perception

The Perception of the Perception The subjective nature of perception is an inborn characteristic humanity. However, humans found the ability to still classify knowledge under two categories, objective and subjective. Knowledge in the subjective sense, or subjective knowledge for short, is the individual knowledge that each person gains through personal experiences. Artists often try to portray a scene that has an emotional and psychological effect on the viewer, by drawing on their own experiences and thoughts.

Flexible and inexpensive, focus groups consist of six to ten participants (Hartman, 2004, p. 408). Additionally, a moderator guides the discussion among its panel members that allows researchers to observe real-time verbal responses and nonverbal cues (Hartman, 2004, p. 402; Cooper & Schindler, 2014, p. 160). Focus groups moderators also have the ability to introduce new ideas to gain a greater understanding of concerns from respondents (Hartman, 2004, p. 402). However, a concern with focus group is the lack of anonymity due to the face-to-face participation.

Once a focus group session is completed, a survey should follow. Essentially, survey research consists of ‘a cross-sectional design in relation to which data are collected predominantly by questionnaire… which are then examined to detect patterns of association’ (Bryman, 2012, pp.60). For this research study, only primary data will be used and the survey created will consist of a postal questionnaire rather than an online survey. Postal questionnaires often yield a higher response rate as it will allow participants to remain anonymous; in addition, the questionnaires can be easily left in an individual’s mailbox, compared to email or web surveys that force researchers to collect and obtain e-mail addresses. In order for a postal questionnaire to be successful, it is important to have the questionnaire be accompanied by a letter explaining the purpose of the survey, assure anonymity, and provide a stamp to make it easier and more enticing for an individual to participate (Fox, Hunn and Mathers, 2009). The following categories will make up the postal questionnaire:

A phenomenology approach looks to fully understand lived experience and the perception which arises. The phenomenologic method explores and understands people’s everyday lived experiences, incorporating experiences of everyday life, understanding of these experiences, through thoughts, feelings, values, emotions, purposes, and actions (Krumwiede & Krumwiede, 2012). . The approach used fits perfectly with what the authors are asking. Each men were asked to express their thoughts, feelings and emotions about their experiences with prostate cancer to turn personal experiences into disciplinary understanding. The use of van Manen’s four fundamental existential of human experiences was an excellent and appropriate concept used by the authors to analyze the data findings. This helped to strengthen the study and their

So, you already have the first section, the introduction, of this outline done. Below you will “fill-in” some parts about the “body” of the outline. The “body” refers to the majority of the paper. Be sure to follow the directions within each box.

The sessions lasted between thirty and forty minutes, which were appropriate lengths to enable enough information and data to be gathered from the participants whilst also ensuring that everything discussed was relevant to this project. Once enough information had been gathered and all the topics and questions had been answered, the participants were thanked for participating and then debriefed on the focus group and informed of how

Focus groups are a method of group interviewing in which the interaction between the moderator and the group, as well as the interaction between group members, serves to elicit information and insights in response to carefully designed questions. The dynamic nature of the questions asked by the moderator and the group process, produces a level of insight that is rarely derived from 'unidirectional ' information collection devises such as observation, surveys and less interactional interview techniques. Methods of recording and analyzing information gathered during focus groups, and strategies for collecting unbiased information have helped focus group research to gain

The qualitative data was analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). This system recognises that a participant’s views will be affected by the

The exploratory nature of the research question requires a phenomenological qualitative approach for data collection and analysis to acquire a rich understanding of the participant’s experiences whilst ensuring a strong focus is made towards the research question. Phenomenology is the study of subjective experiences, in which the experience is made sense of and knowledge is gained about a person’s views instead of trying to explain them making sense of the experience (Smith, 2004).

This project will use interpretive phenomenological psychologist’s method because it provides more powerful tool for understanding human nature and it recognise the reflexive role of the researcher in the production of knowledge. This perspective will focus on the meaningfulness of experience itself because this perspective believes that individuals are actively involved in meaning making (intentionality). In phenomenology epistemonology is the study of knowledge; its conditions, its boundaries and its possibilities. While ontology is the study of existence and nature of being (project booklet,2012). This project looks at how participants experienced and how they interpret those experiences by focusing on understanding what is going on in terms of structure of the life worlds (temporality, spatiality, intersubjectivity and embodiment). (project booklet,2012)

A focus group provides the ideal setting from which to gather unbiased, authentic and in-depth information. However, a focus group is only a success if the moderator creates a suitable setting for directing, recording and analysing discussions in a natural and unbiased manner. Planning, directing and recording focus groups does not create problems for researchers, but analysing information takes a great deal of time and expertise.

To collect more valuable data, the focus group was divided into two groups, each group has 5 participants. They were conducted in one of the group members’ flat on 1st November and 2nd

Answers gathered from the two focus groups and from the three in-depths interviews were put

The authors use a phenomenological analysis to gain insights into certain experiences, which was used to perform their research. Phenomenological analysis is a qualitative technique and the author’s made use of observations and focus groups to collect their data, so it makes sense that a qualitative research design was selected. The choice to use phenomenological analysis was stated in the article. This articles earns a 5 on the CASP scale in appropriateness of methodology.

• A carefully planned discussion conducted by a trained interviewer (moderator, facilitator) in a permissive, non-threatening environment . • Composed by a small group of ideally seven to ten people with common characteristics relating to discussion topic. • Used for generating data to enable the comprehension of a specific topic under study. • The open-ended interaction of focus groups stimulates thoughts and emotions which are not ordinarily forthcoming in an individual interview, or through the examination of how people behave.