A Study On Seismic Wave

Wave by Sonali Deraniyagala is a life taking memoir where Sonali watched her whole family be swept away before her eyes being the only one to tell her tale. Throughout the book Sonali deals with depression and anxiety after finding out what was the cause of her family's death, A tsunami. She later explains her feelings and difficulties without her family being by her side. Relying on friends she slowly gets better by facing the one place she wanted to forget ,Sri Lanka. This was just the beginning for Sonali.

D. P-wave amplitude is larger than all the other seismic waves recorded on a seismogram.

The well tested in this project is located in the city of Brighton in Weld County, CO. Well SHABLE AB11-04P which is operated by Halliburton is one of the many wells in the Wattenberg field. Wattenberg field is a low permeability (“tight”) basin center gas field (Highley 12).Based from the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission in 1999, the Wattenberg field has approximately produced 1.75 TCFG, 76.4 MMBO, and 15.7 MMBW from all of the formation above. The primary source of hydrocarbon production in the Wattenberg field comes from the Muddy (“J”) Sandstone formation which currently has 1,900 producing wells. The Wattenberg formation also has a potential biogenic gas reserves for coalbed methane (CBM) production at the Laramie formation

Have you ever been in a deadly earthquake? In 2013, the people of the Philippines experienced one. A 7.1 magnitude earthquake that affected around 43,000 people with 2,211 aftershocks that ended up killing a total of 185 people. Earthquakes are known as one of the most dangerous natural disasters. This horrific event happened October 15th, 2013. The earthquake hit hardest in the central Philippines, it was reported to be caused by the East Bohol Fault. People act in a response to a natural disaster by gathering resources, spreading word, and government aid.

Saturation trends in the Pronghorn and the upper Three Forks (Figure 21), indicates that hydrocarbons are being occluded from the lower Bakken into the Three Forks, but not entirely. Oil saturation gradually decreases from the top of the Pronghorn to the base indicating less hydrocarbons are being pushed into the upper Three Forks. However, the oil saturation never reach 0% and only decreases to approximately 60 to 70 % water saturation. The oil saturation then gradually increases from the top of the Three Forks to the top of the first claystone. This trend is observed throughout all the wells within Painted Woods, independent to the thickness of the Pronghorn. Even though there is less volume of generated lower Bakken hydrocarbons, oil is still able to be transmitted through the Pronghorn across Painted Woods. However, the quantities transmitted are likely less compared to other

This land assessment will recommend which community would be the best and safest place to live. Hazard City is made of up of five communities. Riverside is a mobile home community with most of the current homes located upon the sandy soils of the floodplain. Downtown consists nearly of one-to-three story buildings constructed of unreinforced brick and masonry. Ralston contains mostly large wood-framed, single family, Victorian-style homes built in the late 1800's. Hickory Estates contains of single-family, multi-story, wood-frame homes that were all built before World War II. Walnut Heights is a planned, gated residential community of single-family homes founded in 1981.

For more than sixty years, oil and gas companies have been fracturing shale rock far below the earth’s surface in order to release pockets of natural gas. The extraction of shale gas from wells dates back to 1821; but the revolutionary procedure of hydraulic fracturing—injecting pressurized fluid into shale rock to create fissures—was commercialized in the 1950s. New drilling techniques, created in the 1970s, reach previously inaccessible shale gas by allowing the use of horizontal piping within the wells. While the United States is currently dependent on foreign countries for natural resources, a hope for independence has led companies to further explore hydraulic fracturing, redefining the way that natural resources are

The process of the collection of an underground fluid would not be possible without the use of hydraulic fracturing. In the Shale reserves, located about 5,000 feet underground, suffer an extremely low permeability rate. Permeability is the measure of how well a fluid flows through an absorbent material at the depth, and within such nonporous rock, the ability of fluids to travel to the well is greatly limited. Fracturing increases the area of the fluid that is exposed to porous materials and thus greatly increases production. The method of fracturing utilizes a few key components which allow for an economical extraction of resources.

Fissures created by high pressure fracking fluid to increase gas flow to the well also create pathways for leakage and consequent contamination of groundwater (Yu et al. 2014). Boreholes drilled for well access must pass through shallower strata, which may contain groundwater aquifers, before reaching target natural gas reservoirs (Davies et al. 2014). Passing through shallow layers of strata introduces a potential source of contamination to groundwater resources (Davies et al. 2014). Leakage into groundwater wells can occur due to poor well completion practices, the corrosion of steel casing, and the deterioration of cement during production of shale gas (Davies et al. 2014). Therefore, shale gas well integrity is important in reducing contamination events.

One of the most highly debated topics in the gas industry is hydraulic fracking. News about it is on the radio, tv and all over the internet. The truth about hydraulic fracking can be hard to find but is imperative to know the truth. The U.S Energy Information Administration estimates that the United States has 2,119 trillion cubic feet of recoverable gas. They predict that 60% of this gas is “unconventional gas” that is stored in low permeability formations such as shale, coalbeds, and tight sands (Jackson, 2011).

Hydraulic fracturing or “fracking” is a process that fractures rock formations in the earth’s surface in order to release hydrocarbons. When these hydrocarbons are released, they flow more freely through the rocks and up to the wellbore, were oil and gas are extracted to (Suchy, 2012). Not all rock formations require a hydraulic fracturing operation to be done because the fluids move freely through rocks that have been naturally fractured. Shale gas reservoirs on the other hand are not permeable and have very few natural fractures; therefore the trapped gas and oil must be extracted by fracking only.

The natural resource industry continues to improve, providing the world with energy that fuels machines and keep homes warm. Drilling is the way the world has been getting oil from the ground due to the efficiency. A certain process can only work for so long and the output continues to decrease. Due to the high demands oil and natural gases, the world has turned to alternative ways retrieve these resources. Hydraulic fracturing is now the most effective way to retrieve oil and natural gas from the ground. Recently, the number of earthquakes have increased near hydraulic fracturing sites. Hydraulic fracturing is both beneficial and destructive at the same time. Several examples of seismic activity linked to fracking

Hydraulic fracking is one of the major fossil fuel industries in areas with large shale basins. It has led to a multitude of arguments over safety and environmental factors. With all of the new and safer processes to retrieve natural gas on the rise, there should be no reason why hydrofracking can’t become one of the nations largest producers of fossil

The Prudhoe Bay field is a deltaic high quality sandstone reservoir that is about 500 feet thick with porosity in the 15-30%. The Permian to Triassic age horizon is the largest producing in the field and is referred to as the Ivishak reservoir. The reservoir is made up of a series of clasitc near-shore marine deposits as well as sandstones and conglomeratic braided-stream deposits (Erikson, Sneider 1997). The reservoir is a structural stratigraphic trap by faulting in the north and south. It is bounded in the north and south by major faulting in the the Barrow Arch and Brooks Range mountains (Figure 5). The east is a truncated Cretaceous horizon that separates it from the Canadian basin. The Prudhoe Bay field is 225 square miles and was discovered in 1968 but because of how remote and undeveloped that area was at the time, exploration did not begin until 1977. Since then it has developed into the largest oil and gas play in North America (Figure 6). Figure 7 highlights the source/reservoir rocks and the types of ongoing and potential

Anisotropy is the idea that the rocks properties vary with direction, so it is very important in which way that the rock was oriented compared to the load, or the compression, that is applied to the rock. This means that orientation of the bedding that varied between 0 degrees and 90 degrees was very important. The scientists used Thomsen’s parameters to quantify the elastic anisotropy. A few ways that the scientist recognized this was that when brittle shale was preceded by a change in the P wave anisotropy. This was because of the crack growth and mineral reorientation that was discussed earlier. Next, anisotropy variations were the largest for the shale that was deformed perpendicular to the bedding, so when the bedding angle was closer to 90 degrees. When the confining pressures were at the highest, the anisotropy variations were the largest, which makes a lot of sense when we know that the anisotropy is the idea that the properties of rocks vary with different orientation and it created anisotropy reversal at high confining pressures. The last information the scientists found was that the P wave anisotropy change was weak when the shale deformed parallel to the bedding, and this is because it could not take a lot of pressure because of the way it was