A Study On Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle Cell Disease is an illness that affects people all across the globe. This paper will give a description of the sickness through the discussion of the causes, symptoms, and possible cures. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a "group of inherited red blood cell disorders."(1) These disorders can have various afflictions, such as pain, damage and a low blood count--Sickle Cell Anemia.

People with sickle cell anemia also may have bouts of pain in the chest, stomach, arms, legs, or other parts of the body. This is caused by sickle cells blocking blood flow through the blood vessels. Feeling tired and having trouble fighting

Sickle cell crisis is an acute form of sickle cell disease where pain and sickling are extensive (Byar, 2013). SCD is a genetic disease that predominantly affects black people of African decent (Gersten, 2016). Abnormal hemoglobin chains are the main issue with SCD (Byar, 2013). Normal hemoglobin chains are comprised of 99% hemoglobin A (HbA) however, in SCD an abnormal form of the gene, hemoglobin S (HbS) is present in approximately 40% of total hemoglobin (Byar, 2013). In order for a person to be born with SCD, both parents must carry the abnormal gene, HbS (Byar, 2013). HbS is extremely sensitive to the changes in oxygen amount of the RBC and when exposed to decreased oxygen the HbS cause the RBC to distort and become sickle-shaped,

Sickle-cell Anemia is a genetic disorder that causes sever pain in the lower back, legs, arms, abdomen, and chest. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body. The body uses oxygen to make energy. Inside the red blood cell is a protein called hemoglobin, which hooks on to the oxygen. People with sickle-cell anemia have abnormal hemoglobin known as hemoglobin S. Hemoglobin S changes the blood cells into the shape of a sickle. These abnormal sickle cells stick to the blood vessel walls causing blockages. These blockages do not allow blood to flow. This is what causes the pain. People get sickle cell disease when a parent has a mutated hemoglobin gene. Their child has a chance of inheriting the sickle-cell trait or getting sickle-cell Anemia.

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a life-threatening disorder with acute and chronic complications that affect patients’ quality of life. Evidence confirmed that the lifespan of patients with SCD is a three-decade shorter than healthy individuals due to chronic complications of vascular occlusion (Sheth, Licursi, & Bhatia, 2013). Therefore, recognizing the need for a guide to managing SCD complications require an Interprofessional team approach to manage symptoms and reduce complications (Yawn et al, 2015).

Complications of sickle cell anemia are pain crisis, infection, acute chest syndrome, splenic sequestration, vision loss, leg ulcers, stroke, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Pain crisis is a feeling of pain that can happen all of the sudden with mild to severe intensity and last for a period of time (“Facts About Sickle Cell Disease,” 2016). Serious bacterial infections are potential life threatening due to the damage to the spleen in some people who have sickle cell anemia (https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sca/signs). Acute chest syndrome can be life threatening and symptoms included chest pain, coughing, difficulty breathing, and fever. Splenic sequestration is can be life threatening

The term sickle cell infection (SCD) depicts a gathering of acquired red platelet issue." Normal red blood cells are shaped like discs or donuts. They are soft and flexible so they can easily move through very small blood vessels"(anonymous, 2015).Individuals with SCD have anomalous hemoglobin, called hemoglobin S or sickle hemoglobin, in their red platelets. Hemoglobin is a protein in red platelets that conveys oxygen all through the body. The most well-known sort is known as, sickle-cell frailty (SCA) and there is A few Types of Sickle Cell Sickness: Hemoglobin SS, Hemoglobin SC, Hemoglobin SD. In the Unified States, a great many people with sickle cell illness (SCD) are of African family line or recognize themselves as dark. About1 out of 13 African American children is

Patients with sickle cell usually suffer from a lot of pain that is perceived as a drug-seeking behavior as a result of their frequent demand for pain medication. An explained by Bergman & Diamond (2013) pain is the main problem that SCA patients have as one of them expressed in an article that pain is so severe to the point of cutting the body part. On the contrarily, the pain expressed by SCA patients is never justified by their activities as most of these patients are found talking on the phone or texting which makes it difficult for the caregiver to believe the severity of pain is causing mistrust between the patient and the healthcare professional. Despite all the differences in pain perception by the health professionals pain is what the patient says it is (Bergman & Diamond, 2013), making it had to believe if the patient is actually in pain or drug seeking. However, they

In fact, sickle cell trait is protective against malaria. Malaria is a disease caused by blood-borne parasites transmitted through mosquito bites. According to a theory, the genetic mutation is connected with the sickle cell trait that occurred thousands of years ago. The mutation increased carriers to survive malaria infection. Survivors then passed the mutation to their offspring. Sickle cell disease is known as a sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell diseases are caused by genetic change in hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is called sickle hemoglobin (Hb-S), has a tendency to develop into rod-like structures that alter the shape of the usually flexible and round red blood cells. The cells take on a shape that resembles that curved blade of a sickle. Sickle cells have a shorter life span than normally-shaped red blood cells. The results in chronic anemia caused by low levels of hemoglobin and decreased numbers of red blood cells. Sickle cells are flexible and stickier than normal red blood cells and can become trapped in small blood vessels preventing blood flow. The delivery of oxygen can result in pain and damage to connect tissues and organs. Sickle cell disease is within the

Sickle cell disease is a chronic condition that a person can inherit from their parents in which it effects the globular structure of the patients red blood cells. A more sickle shaped structure, which can alter a person’s blood flow, replaces the more common globular structure. This impairment in blood flow can lead to blood clots, severe debilitating pain and damage to vital organs such as the liver, kidney and spleen. This disease currently affects over 90,000 people in the United States, with the majority of them being African American and

Normal red blood cells are shaped like discs and look like donuts with no hole in the middle. They are rich in hemoglobin and carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Sickle cell anemia is a disease in which the red blood cells become sickle shaped, or shaped like a crescent. Sickle cells also become sticky and tend to block the blood flow to the limbs and organs (“What is Sickle Cell Anemia?”). People who have sickle cell trait (SCT) do not have the disease, but instead are carriers of it. Most people who have SCT live their lives completely symptom free, however there are some complications that are associated with sickle cell trait. People who have the trait must be careful when they are completing strenuous exercise and when dehydrated. These cases, in extreme form, can lead to complications of sickle cell disease, and even death (“What You Should Know About the Sickle Cell Trait”).

In high-income countries like the United States, the life expectancy of a person with SCD is now about 40–60 years. In 1973, the average lifespan of a person with SCD in the United States was only 14 years. Advances in the diagnosis and care of SCD have made this improvement possible. Sickle Cell disease affects mostly African, Mediterranean and related ancestries it is passed on through generational traits and common related blood type. Sickle Cell disease is a disease that causes painful attacks called crises; which causes throbbing in their bones and backs. Sickle cell is caused by a protein that is abnormal called hemoglobin S which causes the shape of red blood cells to change into a sickle or crescent type shape. (George Buchanan, 2010) Cells in tissues need a steady supply of oxygen to work well. Normally, hemoglobin in red blood cells takes up oxygen in the lungs and carries it to all the tissues of the body. Red blood cells that contain normal hemoglobin are disc shaped (like a doughnut without a hole). This shape allows the cells to be flexible so that they can move through large and small blood vessels to deliver oxygen. Sickle hemoglobin is not like normal hemoglobin. Sickle-shaped cells are not flexible and can stick to vessel walls, causing a blockage that slows or stops the flow of blood. When this happens, oxygen can’t reach nearby

Sickle cell disease starts at birth, but the infant normally does not have any problems until around the age of 6 months. All babies in the U.S. and District of Columbia are received a screening Every state in the United States, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. territories requires that all newborn babies receive screening for SCD. Some symptoms are painful swelling in the feet and hands, fatigue or fussiness from anemia, yellowish color in the skin or whites of eyes. On the 15th of November 1910, Dr. James Herrick made the first official description in published literature of sickle cell disease. The cardiologist had a young patient, Walter Clement Noel, from the Caribbean island of Grenada with the disease under his care. He displayed symptoms of what we now refer to as acute chest syndrome, a common complication of sickle cell disease.

Sickle cell disease is a severe genetic disorder resulting from a point mutation of glutamic acid to valine at position 6 in the beta globin chain. the formation of sickle hemoglobin which polymerizes in deoxygenated state and generates deformed red blood cells (RBCs). These altered red blood cells can obstruct the blood vessels causing vaso-occlusion complications- episodes of pain, organ injury, and mortality. It is worth noticing that the most common clinical manifestation of SCD is vaso-occlusive crisis and the current management of sickle cell disease is symptomatic, with the lack of any specific

People who have SCD have abnormal hemoglobin in their red blood cells, called hemoglobin S. This abnormality leads to a propensity for the cells to assume an rigid sickle-cell shape. Sickle cell disease is associated with a number of acute and chronic health problems as severe infections, severe pain, stroke and an increased risk of death.