A Study On The Cognitive And Physiological Aspects Of The Hippocampus

This is a short article written by a collaboration of people by a company named Today’s Science. Their main goal was to describe the pattern of sleep a human goes through during the night. This cycle is called NREM and REM, non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement. They mostly describe what happens during sleep because without sleeping you could not dream. Dreaming occurs during the rapid eye movement cyc

If I would have a Hippocampus in captivity, it would be a Palomino/orange, because of the colors of the natural environment that I can get. It`s habitat will be reduced to a large aquarium. This change will cause the Hippocampus high levels of stress at the beginning and therefore maybe a low survival rate. That`s why I would have to gain the Hippocampus trust first. The younger it is, the more chance it must adapt because it is not yet accustomed to the immensity of the sea. As a result, those living in a new area can become aggressive, stressed, and this aggressive behavior is the sign that they are looking for a mate with whom they can mate or are simply fighting for Territory and food. So, it is better to have them in

During states of arousal and wakefulness, information is encoded in the neocortical and hippocampal networks in the form of memories (Frankland et al., 2005). The networks that are activated during wakefulness are subsequently reactivated during SWS via SWA, which leads to synaptic downscaling and memory consolidation. A study conducted by Peigneux and colleagues (2004) provided evidence that presents a positive association between improvement in post-sleep retrieval activity performance and the amount of hippocampal SWA that an individual experiences during SWS. This study suggests a correlation between the reactivation of wake-active neuronal networks via SWA and memory improvement during SWS. In addition to the overnight evaluation of memory consolidation, short-term evaluation of memory across the first day, which included a 90 minute sleep period between training and performance of the retrieval activity, also demonstrated a positive correlation between the amount of SWA that occurred during the sleep period and the success of the retrieval activity performance (Peigneux et al., 2004). Moreover, a study conducted by Marshall and colleagues (2004), also examined the manipulation of memory consolidation during sleep and found a positive association between hippocampal SWA and the performance of a

The hippocampus is a part of the brain involved in memory and emotion. It’s known that someone with schizophrenia, the hippocampus tends to reduce in size. With this being said, a team at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston is running a research on whether or not this may be true with someone who has bipolar disorder. They’ve taken MRIs of three different groups of patients: bipolar, major depressive, and those without mood disorders. The results have shown that certain parts of the hippocampus in people with bipolar disorder are smaller than they are in both people with major depressive disorder and without mood disorders.

Throughout the day, most people do not take note of the fact that everything you do in a day comes from your brain. Taking a sip from the water fountain, writing notes in class, shaking someone’s hand; all of these actions come from the most complex supercomputer in the world, your brain. Your brain never stops operating until you are ultimately dead. Even when you are asleep, your brain is still tirelessly at work.

Hippocampus is known to play an essential role in encoding and consolidation of acquired memory. While encoding is mostly attributed to animal's waking experience, sleep is believed to support memory consolidation. In support of this theory, the two-stage model predicts 'replay' of wake-induced neural activity in sleep for long term storage. However, one that is debated is how long the hippocampus needs to reverberate the encoded information for long term storage. Some studies have provided a time constant of around ~1hr for the reactivation. However, based on other studies, this timescale of reactivation is put under question. We report here evidences for reactivation in hippocampus continuing for time scales much longer than 1 hr. In addition,

The hippocampus is critically involved in certain kinds of memory. During memory formation, it may operate as an integrated unit, or isolated parts may be responsible for different functions. Recent evidence suggests that the hippocampus is functionally differentiated along its dorsoventral (septotemporal) axis. The cortical and subcortical connections of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus are different, with information derived from the sensory cortices entering mainly in the dorsal two-thirds or three-quarters of the dentate gyrus. Rats can acquire a spatial navigation task if small tissue blocks are spared within this region, but equally large blocks at the ventral end are not capable of supporting spatial learning. In primates, the posterior

the deep sleep that occurred during the first hour after going to sleep.This sleep is exceedingly restful and is associated with decrease in both peripheral vascular tone and many other vegetative functions of the body. For instance, there are 10 to 30 per cent decreases in blood pressure, respiratory rate, and basal metabolic rate.Although slow-wave sleep is frequently called “dreamless sleep,”dreams and sometimes even nightmares do occur during slow-wave sleep. The difference between the dreams that occur in slow- wave sleep and those that occur in REM sleep is that those of REM sleep are associated with

The human brain is responsible for all of the body’s thought and movement that the body produces. The brain allows humans to interact with objects, environment, communicating and just being able to move all parts of the body. If there are problems in the brain and it is not functioning to its best standards, the ability to move, communicate and interact with objects maybe lost or difficult to do.

dependent activation in the hippocampus and impairs retention of the suppressed memory5–11. These reductions originate from inhibitory control processes supported by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex6–11. Retrieving memories, in contrast, increases hippocampal activity12 and often facilitates later recall13. Thus, hippocampal activity can be modulated according to task goals, though practice at suppressing retrieval is often necessary to achieve hippocampal reductions6. A key assumption of the present work is that this modulation does not target particular memories, which may be a person’s goal, but rather reflects a broadly targeted suppression (hereinafter, ‘systemic suppression’) of regional activity in the hippocampus that generally disrupts other memory functions supported by this region. For instance, beyond

Great news, video gamers! Video games not only provide entertainment but also, can stimulate the hippocampus, by promoting the formation of memories. When adapting to a new environment, our hippocampus depends on neuroplasticity. This is because our hippocampus recognizes when there is a slightly altered image, environment, etc. However, over time, our hippocampal memory starts to weaken. In this study by Clemenson & Stark (2015), they explored whether 3-D video games will stimulate the hippocampus and lead to an enhancement in memory formation and neuroplasticity as people age.

It is well-known that the parahippocampal region is the central organization of neural processes for memory and learning. In this region, entorhinal cortex (EC) is an interface between hippocampus and neocortex, which largely transfers the information by spiny stellate cells (SCs). The electrophysiological properties of SCs are identified by 4-18 (Hz) STOs following subthreshold stimuli [1,2]. These STOs are believed to be important contributors to the hippocampal theta rhythm [3]. STOs are small-amplitude oscillations (maximum amplitude ~ 10 mV) of membrane potential that are closely related to the synchronous rhythmic activities in many neurons, which is associated with crucial functions of the nervous system, such as perception [4], learning

Lots of research had been accomplished by those researchers, and they eventually proved that healthy students are the better learners. According to a 2010 essay penned by Charles Basch of Colombia University, physical activities not only increased oxygen to flow to the brain, but also, students became responsible for learning, memory and higher thinking.

There are two essential learning sections in the brain, the hippocampus and the striatum (Jacobsen & Forste, 2011). Focused learners are individuals who pay full attention in class and are not easily distracted by their mobile devices. These individuals utilize the hippocampus which is typically the heart of the memory and the learning center of the brain. These students have the ability of thinking in high level scenarios and typically end up with higher paying jobs than those that are categorized as multitaskers (Jacobsen & Forste, 2011). Multitaskers are those that do two or three things at once and are therefore not focusing on getting one task accomplished (Boyd, 2014). Such students use the area of the brain known as the striatum. This manner of learning is not an adverse learning approach; however, this area of the brain is for learning habits.

The hippocampus is part of the Limbic System (Wright, n.d.). According to Wright, the hippocampus formation is found in the temporal lobe of the brain. The study of the hippocampus is vital in understanding how it governs human behaviors. As perceived, the brain is a complex machine and through understanding its crucial parts in the processing of information would give a clear understanding and precautions to people on how to protect their brain from memory loss and other similar diseases. In addition, Wright explained that the hippocampus is directly linked to the entorhinal cortex and the fornix. That is to say that the output pathways of hippocampus passed directly to the entorhinal cortex and the fornix before reaching other anterior structures. What is more, not only do outputs coming from hippocampus are passed through the entorhinal cortex, but both parts are also directly connected to one another which includes the amyglada (Wright, n.d). Why is this part of the study? As elaborated by Wright, both entorhinal cortex and amyglada are structures that are connected to several parts of the brain. Thereby, all areas of the brain that are connected to aforesaid structures could be affected by hippocampus.