A Study On The Genome Wide Association Mapping Has Become A Popular Way Of Quantitative Trait Locus

Forty percent of the earth’s land cover is classified as either arid or semi-arid environment (Clark Davis & Kay 1983), in which, billions of people mainly from developing countries, live and work. Many of the arid zone environment is classified as to dry to grow crops (Creswell & Martin 1998). Still, crops like sorghum, millets (CONSORTIUM 2011) and cashes (Creswell & Martin 1998) are grown with reasonable success, as the plants or farmers have been able to adapt to the dry environment (Creswell & Martin 1998).

In recent years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully tagged thousands of disease- or trait-associated genetic loci. However, molecular mechanisms linking the locus to the disease phenotype often remain unclear. Moreover, for most complex diseases and traits, associations found in GWAS explain only a small proportion of the phenotypic variation (129, 130). For example, although 71 independent loci have been associated with Crohn 's Disease, they account for only 23% of the estimated heritability (131). GWAS of psychiatric diseases show an even less favorable picture. For instance, schizophrenia has an estimated heritability of 80% (132, 133), but observed genetic variants currently account for less than 1% of the variance (134). To bridge this gap between genotype and disease phenotype and to better understand the biological mechanisms and translational possibilities, the genotype-driven approach, aided with deep phenotyping, appears to be a more appealing and powerful strategy (135, 136). A limitation of this approach however, is that the disease pathologies are often tissue- or cell type-specific (137-141), and due to ethical and practical reasons, deep phenotyping analyses are often only feasible in easily available surrogate tissues such as blood, particularly in large population-based gene identification studies. The iPSC technologies discussed here in this chapter, along with new sequencing technologies, genome-wide assays, and comprehensive genome

To construct a mapping cross of linked genes, it is important that the genotypes of all of the

In this study, rice will be exposed to osmotic stress condition, whereby it will show: a higher accumulation of proline and soluble sugars, reduced levels of MDA and minimized water loss rate compared to wild types of plant. Still, the stress-responsive gene OsHsfC1b will exhibit a significantly higher expression levels in rice than in transgenic plants under similar environmental conditions. Although OsHsfC1b has been evaluated purposely for its significance in drought

Drought resistant crops have, “reduced transpiration by 17.5 percent under stress conditions, which allows for better moisture retention and the ability to endure droughts without additional irrigation.” (GMO Answers) It is also reported that a public-private partnership is working towards developing drought tolerant corn designed specifically for Africa, which could increase yields by 20% to 35%, in areas that it is desperately needed in. (GMO Answers) They aren’t the only ones interested in drought tolerant crops.

The two recessive alleles are both on the same chromosome. Genes A and B completely follow Mendel’s principles of inheritance; genes B and C are physically connected together and never are separated from each other at any time during any cell division cycle or fertilization event. Draw below the gamete genotypes that this individual could produce.

recurrent parent,the progeny mean and parental means in irrigated and rainfed conditions for all the characters under study was compared using T statistics between parents and 18 BC2F3 progenies. The mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviation and standard error for all morpho-physiological and agronomic traits measured in all backcross derived lines along with parents presented in table (4.3a,4.3b,4.3c). T-test reveals that mean of MABB derived improved lines were not significantly different from mean of high yielding recurrent parent GW322 and donor HI1500 under stress as well as non stress conditions . The phenotypic performance of improved lines for the traits associated with drought tolerance and other agronomic traits were similar

One of the most influential of agriculturists, Norman Borlaug has impacted millions of lives. Bringing new techniques to modern day farming and experimenting with the production of crops in third world countries, he created a disease-resistant, high-yielding wheat variety that he could breed with wheat from all over the world. Borlaug’s research and observations helped feed the world while influencing agriculture in a way no one had seen before.

When investigating genetic diversity in populations using nuclear genetic markers, what are the two main genetic indices (parameters) that investigators typically use?

Other researchers have been striving for a similar goal, using the genetic material of plants to create new hybrids that can withstand extreme weather. Across the globe, scientists have been making modified plant varieties that can resist drought, a growing concern as climate change becomes a more prominent issue. One hybrid has already existed since 2011 on the market. The corn plant, known as DroughtGuard, was bred to resist drought. It contains a gene from a bacteria that allows it to produce in times of water shortage. This corn crop has been approved

The results of genetic crosses between teosinte and maize in the 1960’s suggested that the major morphological changes in maize are due to mutations in just five genes. The researchers of this gene hypothesized that the cause of phenotypic change in maize resulted at the regulatory region. The regulatory region is a segment of DNA in which proteins bind and thus control the gene expression of different aspects of the plant. Therefore, one goal of this study was to determine if the

Today’s world is facing many challenges given the growing concerns and current repercussions of environmental climate change and demands of a growing global population. Not only is climate change effecting the worlds ecosystems, human health and fresh water resources, it is drastically effecting the worlds agriculture. Unpredictable weather such, as rising temperatures, colder temperatures, excessive flooding, and droughts are just a few of the increasing weather instabilities, which are challenging and threatening today’s agriculture growth and production. As such, crop yields continue to decline and present a risk to future food security. As a world, we are facing an adaptation deficit leaving us very vulnerable and thus, we must seek to

I agree with both your post! The genogram is a great tool for visualization. As the saying goes a picture is worth a thousand words. As our book indicated the genogram then begins to be a tool of planning changes in the couple's respective family of origin (Hecker, 2015). Bowen believes the clinical goals should lower anxiety and turmoil. Focusing less on the problem, rather reframing the problem and showing how the problem could be multigenerational caused by factors beyond their control (Klever, 2009). Thereby, using the therapist as a healthier part of the triangle, where they help to ease anxiety, and acting more calmly (Hecker, 2015). Bowen also suggested using “I” statement which helps family members separate their own emotions from

For the last several decades, the world has been plagued by widespread starvation and poverty. Economies are failing in numerous countries, and developing nations struggle to feed their inhabitants. As a result of the world’s mounting overpopulation, food has become scarce and resources are rapidly dwindling. However, modern science has provided a solution: agricultural biotechnology. Genetically engineered crops represent the bright future of agriculture. Crops like cotton, corn, and soybeans can have genes inserted or deleted into their cell membranes; this modification facilitates pest and virus resistance, drought tolerance, and even provides nutritional enhancement. Genetically altered crops produce much higher

Biological refers to the examination of connected direct genetic relationship. In this paper the connected direct genetic relationship that will be examined is the parent and child. There is a genetic predisposition for mental illness, this means that if a person has a mental illness it is likely their offspring will have that mental illness too. According to Brown University “61 percent of children whose parents had major depressive disorders will develop a psychiatric disorder during childhood or adolescence, and are four times more likely to develop an affective disorder than children with non-ill parents” (2002). This statistic is alarming because over half of the children will develop a disorder that will impact their mental health within