A Study On The Hydrological Cycle

The tropical rainforest plays a significant role in regulating the water cycle on earth, through transpiration and evaporation process. Transpiration is the water vapour loss from plants through stomata, and evaporation is the water loss from all other part of plants but leaves and other living things in the forest. Evapotranspiration are the accumulation of transpiration and evaporation in the forest. During transpiration, trees suck water from soil through the root system and transport the water to leaves through xylem, and then release the water to the air through stomata. Transpiration happens simultaneously with photosynthesis.

Evaporation- when water evaporates in the form of water vapor by the heat of the

There are four main stages in the water cycle. They are evaporation, condemnation, precipitation and collection. Evaporation: This is when warmth from the sun causes water from oceans, lakes, streams ice and soils to rise the air and turn into water vapour (gas).Water vapour droplets join together to make clouds. Condemnation: This is when

Runoff comes from many places such as snow, rain, glaciers, and any human activity. Enormous amounts of precipitation in areas where the ground cannot absorb any excess

Runoff is a portion of the precipitation, snow melt, or irrigation water that occurs in uncontrolled surface streams, rivers, drains or sewers. It may be classified according to speed of appearance after rainfall or melting snow as direct runoff or base runoff, and according to source as surface runoff, storm interflow, or groundwater runoff.

What is the water cycle? The water cycle is the continuous movement of water being recycled through the air, surface, and water. All water on earth goes through the water cycle including saltwater and freshwater. 96.5 percent is saltwater and 3.5 is freshwater. How does the water cycle work? Most of the water on earth is in the ocean so most water begins there, the rest is in lakes, rivers, glaciers, and more. As the sun beats down on a river, ocean, or lake, the water begins to turn into a gas. This gas is called water vapor. As it turns to water vapor it rises up into the atmosphere. This is the process of evaporation. But there is another way that water rises into the atmosphere, called transportation. This is basically plants sweating!

When explaining the differences in how energy and matter travel through ecosystems and organisms, I was reminded of a diagram and teaching from when I was in grade school. The diagram is of the water cycle and how the water cycle flows through our ecosystem. This diagram I was reminded of and will refer to for the duration of this question demonstrates the process in the most simplistic of ways. The water cycle demonstrates water vapor molecules gathering in the atmosphere. As they become heavier, they form precipitation and fall to the earth. Depending on whether or not the water falls on land or a water resource, the water will either be absorbed into the ground or run-off into a body of water. Then the water will evaporate back into the atmosphere continuing this perpetual cycle.

Hydrological Modeling is the way toward simulating the hydrological cycle in nature utilizing a few characterized parameters. Information like the precipitation and temperatures are considered as basic information for the mode and the model then gauges the surface runoff and evapotranspiration . SWAT known as ( Soil And Water Assessment Tool) is a physically-based model. It requires broad information like soil properties, land use , geography alongside the climate information

Soil moisture plays a significant role in the climate system. Evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration through plant leaves connect land and atmospheric processes through the water and energy cycles, and feedbacks associated with soil moisture-atmospheric processes affect regional climate (Hagemann and Stacke, 2014). Soil moisture distribution impacts hydrologic processes including runoff generation and groundwater recharge in a catchment, in addition to biological processes and nutrient cycling (Williams et al., 2008). In regions where snowmelt runoff contributes to soil moisture and streamflow, understanding the factors

Generally, meteorological stations are placed only at the urban areas and their follow up is uncertain. In some cases, we need to estimate Evapotranspiration for planning in the large scale; it is rather difficult to classify land use for individual calculation in each land use. Therefore water balance is more suitable to understand the flux in a whole sub basin. The inflow and outflows are determined from stream flow and precipitation measurements and the difference between inflow and outflow over a relatively long period of time is used to estimate evaporation using the

Both of these phenomena occur naturally. The chemical alterations that occur in the soil and atmosphere during the hydrologic cycle are pivotal in maintaining the natural equilibrium. However, due mostly to human intervention, the water is becoming poisoned as it seeps into the Earth.

97% of surface water is found in the oceans and 2% found in surface ice. Only about1 % of water is found on land in rivers and natural hollows. A very small percentage of less than 1% of water is found as water vapour in the atmosphere. From now on we will refer to the different forms of water as:

Even if changes in the frequency of extreme precipitation at a given meteorological station suggests the development of extremes in the locality of the station, the impacts on the hydrological consequences owing to the changes can simply be quantified if the changes are examined at a meso-scale or higher spatial scale. Hence, the areal extent of extreme precipitation is crucial for the valuation of hydrological consequences, including flooding. In this study, precipitation indices such as annual PRCPTOT, SDII and total R95p are analyzed to look into the temporal evolution of precipitation amount in the selected AEZ. Midland AEZ shows an increasing trend in the annual total precipitation with a rate of (10 mm/year) and (100 mm decade−1) (95%

Assuming the long-term rainfall data are readily available from the Meteorological Office, all rainfall records from local rain gauges will be compiled. The rainfall data should have a time interval of one hour or less. The rainfall records will be used as input to the model and to determine the peak flows

Analysis of an annual rainfall pattern over a 50-year period (1961-2010) showed a general fluctuation in rainfall pattern for all the three regions. The highest rainfall values of 1580mm (NR), 1365mm (UER) and 1543mm (UWR) were recorded in 1991, 1999 and 1963, respectively. The lowest rainfall values of 695mm (NR), 671mm (UER) and 524mm (UWR) were recorded in 1992, 1977 and 1986, respectively. The mean annual rainfall values were 1082.5mm (NR), 990.8mm (UER) and 1035.4mm (UWR) as shown in table II. In spite of the seemingly high rainfall amount recorded in NR over the period, the region showed the highest variability with coefficient of variation (CV) =0.21. The Upper East Region also showed a similar variation in rainfall amount (CV = 0.20). The analysis showed considerable levels of variability in rainfall pattern in all the regions. Such condition may create uncertainty in water availability to crops, and thus pose significant risk to crop production.