A Study On The Protective Immunity

Immunization remains one of the most effective methods to prevent the spread of pathogens among human populations (Orenstein, Paulson, Brady, Cooper, & Seib, 2013). It seeks to pre-emptively expose a host body 's immune system to harmful pathogens which it would otherwise encounter in the wild, and thus provide immunity without infection (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014).

Describe how and why both types of adaptive immunity can cause problems with organ transplantation.

Vaccination has been a method of defense against infection since the first smallpox vaccine was created in 1796. This vaccine paved the way for the future of infection protection that is current day vaccination. Vaccines are used to prevent pathogenic disease in many individuals worldwide and are thought to be one of the most effective infection protection methods available. They are highly regarded in the scientific community for their safety, efficacy, ability to work cohesively with the immune system to prevent disease, and ability to protect individuals and the community. Vaccines produce immunity through injection, mouth, or aerosol and ultimately protect individuals who have been vaccinated from disease. Because vaccines have become a part of traditional healthcare, they are covered under many insurance programs and are generally readily accessible in the community as a key player in the maintenance of public health.

This source informs mainly about the immune system on it functions and how it's seemed to be benefited by vaccines. Infections can occur in the body system and if it’s not treated then it could become a disease. However, vaccinations can lower the risk of getting a disease by preventing it. As a matter of fact, vaccination works to stimulate a specific immune response that will create B and T cell responses specific to a certain pathogen.This source is biased because it states how vaccines help to prevent any infection to get in the immune system.

Herd immunity is also known as (community immunity). This is when a large portion of a community is immunized to most contagious disease, most members of the community are protected against diseases so there is little opportunity of an outbreak. Even people who are not vaccinated like some infants, pregnant women get some protection because the spread of contagious disease is not a threat . All vaccines do have risks however the benefits outway the risks. Children need to be vaccinated to protect them against life threatening diseases. If a child get vaccinate most have short term mild side effects, such as fever, rash, redness and swelling at the injection site.

Humoral immunity helps the body protect itself, the humoral immune response is by antibody molecules that are secreted by plasma cells. They produced antibodies that target foreign material in the blood stream that is seen as potentially dangerous, marking it for destruction. B-lymphocytes play a major role humoral immunity, they help the immune system in the fight against infections because of antigen presenting cells. They are the class of immune cells that synthesize antibodies and are responsible for humoral immunity. When the antibodies react with millions of potential antigens, the immune system does not have full capacity to create antibodies that react with millions of antigens.

Vaccines do not cause autism. Just like every other spectrum disorder, Autism is a diagnosis associated with behavioral observations made over time and can neither be confirmed nor denied by a blood test. After reading both the Immunization study and the Stanford Prison study, I think the article about the Immunization study which was written by Drs. Sathyanarayana and Andrade is more damaging than either that of the Stanford Prison study or the Wakefield Immunization study. As a parent of four children who would ultimately receive the MMR vaccine in order to attend public school, I followed the Wakefield case with a high level of interest. Additionally at the time the Immunization study was published, I was employed by a multi-subspecialty

Age specific variations of growth and development. For children ages three to five years immunization status is necessary. The Nursing care of Infants and children, has recommendations for routine immunizations. Preschoolers should have already been administered their Hepatitis B, Hepatitis A, Measles, Mumps, Haemophilus influenza Type B, pneumococcal disease, and meningococcal disease. (Hockenberry, Wilson, 2015, p.202-205) Three to five year olds should be administered the pertussis vaccine, four doses of Polio at 2 months, 4 months, 6-18 months , and 4-6 years of age,” (Hockenberry, Wilson, 2015, p.202) Rubella, the second dose of Varicella, and the annual influenza shot. (Hockenberry,

Nearly three hundred years ago, Edward Jenner made a scientific breakthrough as he developed a vaccine for smallpox from cowpox pustules. By 1980, a WHO-led vaccination campaign had eradicated the disease from the face of the planet. As immunologists realized the value of this discovery, this catalyzed research for vaccines for numerous other diseases, until scientists had not only started discovering vaccines for previously elusive viruses such as HIV, but also for diseases such as cancer, that weren’t necessarily infectious. However, conventional vaccines that used live-attenuated or dead pathogens were limited in safety and ability to provide an adequate cytotoxic T-Cell response. This led to the development of third generation DNA

I feel this study led to the most harm as it caused multiple problems that were severe in nature. First, parents refused to vaccinate their children against mumps and measles due to fears that they would become autistic, resulting in outbreaks of the disease in the UK, the USA and Canada (Rao & Andrade, 2011). Second, many resources had to be committed to undo the damage done and expose the fallacy of the original research (Rao & Andrade, 2011). Finally, when scientific research is skewed to produce results favorable to a sponsor, it shakes the publics overall faith in academia.

Since its delivery method is the significant problem to its effectiveness, the use of the vaccine could not be realistic despite the fact that the DNA vaccine is developing (Robinson, Ginsberg, Davis, Johnston, & Liu, 1997). Also, the mutation of the host human’s chromosomal DNA is still doubtable and if it could happen, the cell growth could be affected and it is possible to create a chance of developing cancer (Robinson, Ginsberg, Davis, Johnston, & Liu, 1997). In addition, the human body could develop a tolerance the vaccine because of the amount of the vaccine derived protein. In other words, the small amount of antigen could be ignored by the human immune system (UK Health Centre, 2015). At last, to overcome these disadvantages, there is no suspicion about great cost and time consuming (Glenting & Wessels, 2005).

“Immunity is the state or condition of being resistant to invading microorganisms” (Moini, 2013, p. 228). Active immunity is immunity from an immunogen and is acquired. This can result from of one or two ways; natural exposure or through vaccination. Passive immunity is slower because the body has to develop the antigens. Natural immunity is best understood by the mother automatically transferring her immunoglobulins to the fetus in utero through the umbilical cord or to the infant via breast milk. This is why breastfeeding is strongly endorsed, not just for the nutrients & vitamins that can be found in formula, but for the antibodies a baby

Vaccines are substances used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against diseases. Diseases such as Measles, Polio, Chicken Pox, Influenza, and pertussis are just a few of the many diseases that are at an all time record low because of the implementation of vaccination. Although these diseases have not completely disappeared, Vaccination has done a great job in keeping it under control. It plays a major role in parenting and people decide everyday whether they think the benefits outweigh the cost. Extensive research has been conducted over the years to prove just how beneficial and important it is to make sure that you are vaccinated. Vaccines play an important role in protection from serious illnesses, prevention of outbreaks, and are more cost effective to prevent a disease than to treat it.

Immunity is the ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies and the ability to be able to fight off a virus or disease. Vaccines are a substance that is injected into the body to help a person prevent against certain diseases or a virus. Vaccines vary from containing the virus and to containing components that connect to the virus. A vaccination is the injection of a killed or weakened organism that provides immunity, and an immunization is the process by which a person or animal becomes protected from a disease (vaccines.gov1). In order to have immunity to certain diseases vaccination must occur. In

As previously reviewed, penetration of substances in the skin is restricted by the SC which acts as a physical barrier, so the topical application of the vaccine formulation alone limits its transport across the skin and thus sufficient immune response is not achieved. Various physical approaches such as electroporation, iontophoresis, abrasions, tape stripping, sonophoresis, micro needles etc have been investigated to increase the penetration of substances across the skin by disrupting SC. Another approach to bypass the barrier function of SC is application of microneedles [53]. A microneedle array contains many micrometer-sized needles that can create a transport pathway large enough for proteins and NPs, but small sufficient to avoid harm [54,55]. Tape-stripping method has been shown to enhance cytotoxic T cell and cytokine immune responses upon subsequent application of various antigens and adjuvants to the skin in mice [56]. Similarly electrode preparation pads, emery paper, rubbing gauze or pumice on the skin removes cells by their abrasive effects and have been found to enhance immune responses in humans [57]. Mild hyperthermia with abrasion enhances transport of antigen into the skin, present it to LCs, migration of activated LCs to lymph nodes and trigger cascade of immune system.