A Summary Of Dissolution

Compare the solubility of various forms of panadol at body temperature in different pH conditions

This experiment investigates the effect of stomach acid at different pH levels on the solubility of metformin hydrochloride tablets. According to my results, the metformin hydrochloride tablets dissolved at a faster rate in the simulated stomach acid with less alcohol, and therefore, more acidic. This conclusion, proves the hypothesis stated above. As predicted, the simulated acid with less traces of alcohol was a more suitable environment for the medicine to dissolve at a faster rate. Consequently, the tablets took a longer time to dissolve in the acid with a greater concentration of alcohol. In consideration of the uncertainties, the two graphs above show that as the pH level increases and becomes more basic, the amount of time for the tablets

Excipient can help to improve and enhance bioavailability, stability of the drug and much more. All drugs are poisons and they usually taste bitter or unpleasant and sometimes they are hard to swallow therefore, excipients is helping with improving the taste of medication and also assisted with swallowing a solid form. Although the safety aspect it, has underestimate but it is clear the benefit of using excipients are far greater than the risk concerned, in all types of drug formulation. Excipient should have specific chemical and physical characteristics, to optimise the formulation’s performance throughout the manufacturing processing phase and when given to patients [1]. With all the benefit of using excipients in drug formulation, however, some excipients have the potential to cause adverse effects on sensitive patients [5]. The quality of excipients are just as important as active pharmaceutical ingredients because a good quality of excipient will remove any impurity during drug formation and also reduced the cost of manufacturing processing phase and eliminating any toxicity or any contamination from a drug product thus, this can be achieved by practice good manufacturing practices (GMP). The toxicity or impurity of drug product has serious effects on patients and the are many studies are

Aspirin is a commonly used pain killer and an anti-inflammatory. Hagiwara, Kaneko, Murata, Ikegami, and Oshima (2014) reported that aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is used to treat trauma, infections, and rheumatic diseases. Hagiwara et al. (2014) stated that,” a dose of ASA of greater than 150 mg/kg is toxic, and ASA intake of more than 500 mg/kg causes severe toxicosis” (p. 72). Since an overdose of ASA could be fatal, it is important that companies list the exact amount of aspirin in one tablet. The purpose of this lab is to confirm that aspirin tablets contain the amount of medicine that is advertised on the bottle. If the aspirin bottle states that there is 325 mg in one tablet, then there should be 325 mg of aspirin found when titrated. In an acid base reaction, both solutions are neutralized when there are equal parts of acid and base. This relationship is vital to determine the concentration of a solution through standardization. (Northern Virginia Community College, 2016, para. 1). Solutions are standardized by using titration, which is a method of measuring the volume of a solution needed to fully react and neutralize another reagent (Northern Virginia Community College, 2016, para. 1). To know when the solutions are equivalent, an indicator called phenolphthalein is put into the solution with

Oral route of drug administration is one of the preferable methods of drug delivery due to its convenience, ease of administration and a more effective medication system than other drug delivery systems in terms of patient’s compliance. However, not all drugs are of same solubility; some poorly soluble hydrophobic drug often generates certain complexities in formulation development as well as other clinical research. As a result, increasing the dose and higher administration frequency of these poorly soluble drugs may not compensate for the therapeutic dose of the drug. Therefore, to effectively utilize the therapeutic efficacy of the drug, enhancement of solubility and dissolution profile can be a promising approach.

The most essential drug delivery route is no doubt the oral route. It has advantages like convenience of administration and less developed cost. Drugs administered by oral route are solid oral dosage forms particularly tablets, the preferred class of product. Today drug delivery companies are concentrating on solid oral drug delivery systems that suggestion increased patient amenability and effect. Melt in mouth tablet (MMT) or fast disintegrating/dissolving or dispersible tablet, which is known to be one of the most innovative ways in oral drug delivery.

Therapeutic response of a drug depends upon the bioavailability which in turn depends upon the solubility and dissolution rate of drug. A solubility problem is a major challenge for the pharmaceutical industry with developments of new pharmaceutical products. There are various techniques but liquisolid compact is a new and promising method that can change the dissolution rate of water insoluble drugs. According to the concept of liquisolid systems water-insoluble drugs dissolved in suitable non-volatile solvents, may be transformed into free-flowing and readily compressible powders by a simple admixture with excipients referred to as the carrier and coating materials. Rapid disintegration rates are observed compared to conventional tablets and therefore, they show improved release rates and hence greater bioavailability. The use of nonvolatile solvent in the formulation causes increased wettability of water insoluble drugs and ensures molecular dispersion of drug in the formulation. Modification of formulation by use of certain agents cause sustained release of drugs from the liquisolid tablets. Hence Liquisolid compacts containing water-insoluble drugs expected to display enhanced dissolution characteristics and consequently improved oral bioavailability.

The study was performed to improve the compactibility and the biopharmaceutical performance of xylitol by improving its physicomechanical properties to make it better suited for tableting using direct compression. To this end, antisolvent crystallization technique was employed in the presence of various additives, i.e., polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol with a molecular weight (PVA22000) or 16000 (PVA16000) at varying concentrations (0.06%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 1.2%, w/v). The size and morphological changes induced by crystallization the in presence of the additives were studied. The dissolution performance of crystallized xylitols formulated with a model poorly water-soluble drug, i.e. indomethacin, in comparison to commercial xylitol were also evaluated.

More than one third of the drugs listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia fall into the poorly water-soluble or water-insoluble categories. It was reported a couple of decades ago that more than 41% of the failures in new drug development is attributed to poor biopharmaceutical properties, including water insolubility. Water insolubility can postpone or totally halt new drug development and can prevent much essential reformula-tion of currently marketed

Mean values (n=3) of drug dissolution profiles are as shown in table 36. Standard deviation was not more than 2 in any case. It was observed that after storage of three months in stability chamber, drug release was decreased approximately by 5% while lag time was unaffected. Also for pellets stored at ambient conditions lag time was unaffected and drug release was lowered approximately by 5%.

Excipients are essential in the formulation of tablet dosage forms as it ensures successful manufacturing process and quality of the resultant formulation. Proper selection of excipients and their relative concentrations in the formulation is important in development of a successful pharmaceutical formulation. Although excipient are often categorized as inert, preformulation studies can help determine how these excipient influence the stability, bioavailability, and processability of the dosage forms.

Concerning ibuprofen, its logP value (3.97 (PubChem)) is higher than that of butyl paraben. Nevertheless, the solubility of ibuprofen in the buffer is higher than methyl paraben. Ibuprofen possesses a carboxylic acid group with a pka value of 5.2 (Betageri et al., 1996; Ertel et al., 1990). At pH 6.8, ibuprofen will be mostly in the ionized form which explains its observed high aqueous solubility.

Precondition for the absorption of an orally administered drug is its release from the formulation in dissolved form. When drug is complexed with cyclodextrin, dissolution rate and consequently absorption is enhanced. Reducing the hydrophobicity of drugs by cyclodextrin complexation also improves their percutaneous or rectal absorption. In addition to improving solubility, cyclodextrins also prevent crystallization of active ingredients by complexing individual drug molecules so that they can no longer self-assemble into a crystal

Mean values (n=3) of drug dissolution profiles are as shown in table 36. Standard deviation was not more than 2 in any case. It was observed that after storage of three months in stability chamber, drug release was decreased approximately by 5% while lag time was unaffected. Also for pellets stored at ambient conditions lag time was unaffected and drug release was lowered approximately by 5%.

In dissolution, the solute and the solvent are the reactants that are combined to form a solution which is the product of the chemical reaction. A solvent is a substance that is capable of dissolving other substances while the solute is the substance that is being dissolved in the solvent. When the two substances are combined they are called a solution (Shuster, Vigna, Tontonoz, Sinha 2014). It is known that if a solvent is added to a solution the volume of the solution will increase, while the amount of the solute will remain the same which lowers the concentration of solutes in the solution (Silberberg 2010). So, as the reactant amount increases so does the volume of the solution. This bears the question of whether or not the rate of dissolution is affected by the volume of the solvent, which in this case is water.