A Summary On '  Sodio '

The patient in “The Red Hat Hikers” scenario is suffering from hyponatremia. Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium level of less than 136mEq/L. Sodium is an electrolyte that is found predominately in the extracellular fluid, and it is the chief regulator of water in the body. Sodium is also important for muscle contraction, nerve impulses, acid-base balance and chemical reactions that occur inside the cell (McCance & Huether, 2014). Normal sodium levels in the body are maintained by the kidneys and the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex at the completion of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and it helps stimulate the proximal tubules of the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water. The anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) also indirectly affects sodium levels because it regulates water balance in the body (McCance & Huether, 2014).

In this experiment, the external and internal structures of a sheep’s heart was examined and identified by dissection. To determine the functionality of a human heart since they are both mammals.

In order to complete this exercise, two different procedures were conducted; one measured the basal heart rate, and the other measured the drug-induced heart rate. A sample 's basal heart rate can be defined as the “resting” heart rate. This is when no drugs or altering substances are applied. In comparison, the drug-induced heart rate of a sample can be defined as the heart rate after the drug was administered to the surrounding environment. The four drugs tested on the Daphnia specimens were Acetylcholine, Caffeine,

The effects of a ligature around the AV groove presented no difference in the contraction of atria or ventricle after the first tightening. After the string was tightened further, the ventricular contractions were lost and the atria beat alone at 60 BPM. The AV signal between the chambers was blocked.

The basis for this experiment was inspired by the evolution canyon in Israel that contained various species of Sordaria Fimicola (S. Fimicola) and more importantly had a tight ecological barrier. The canyon has two slopes that experience vastly different environmental conditions and thus expose organisms who inhabit them with bipolar pressures. Organisms living on the South Facing Slope (SFS) experience higher and more intense amounts of solar radiation, temperature, and drought. While Sordaria who inhabit the North Facing Slope (NFS) receive more cool and humid conditions. Sampled Sordaria from the two slope showed variances in cross-over frequency that occurs during Prophase I of Meiosis. This promising fact lead to the investigation of UV radiation of different types of Sordaria discussed later and promotes the idea that harsh environmental condition, like those experienced on the SFS, can cause variances in cross-over frequency. (Burpee et al., 2017)

In Joyas Voladoras, by Brian Doyle, Doyle compares the different types of hearts in various living organisms. He begins with the hummingbird, moving on to the blue whale, mammals and birds, reptiles and turtles, fish, insects and mollusks, worms, and unicellular bacteria. Although Doyle spends a great deal of the essay talking about the physical characteristics of the each organism’s heart, he actually conveys a deeper message. Doyle shows how all living things are related, both internally and externally.

_There are less leakage channels for Na+ compared to K+_that’s why it didn’t alter the membrane potential in the resting neuron._

-If the potassium transport pump was blocked the leakage channels would still be open allowing Na+ to

The heart serves an important purpose within the body, pumping blood throughout the circulatory system to supply all parts of the body with vital nutrients and molecules. It pumps oxygen and nutrient rich blood to be exchanged for carbon dioxide, which is then pumped to the lungs and eliminated from the body. The movement of blood throughout the body is due to the heart’s ability to push blood along the circulatory system at a steady, unfaltering rate. This rate, known as heart rate, is regulated and can be altered at a moment’s notice by signaling within the body and heart itself. In vertebrates, the autonomic nervous system controls and regulates heart rate. The autonomic nervous system is divided into two subunits, the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. The parasympathetic nerve that innervates the heart is the vagus nerve. In this laboratory experiment, the regulation of heart rate was observed by studying a certain breed of turtle, the Red-eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans). Both chemical and electric signaling can influence the components of the nervous

distal tubule adjusts the ionic balance of the body by changing the amount of sodium

of atria and ventricle. Impulses not being transmitted from atria to the ventricle; no whole number relationship between atrial and ventricular contractions was demonstrated.

Last Friday, a court in Naples, Italy, sent trial subpoenas to Mickey Mouse, Tweety, and Donald and Daisy Duck, in what appears to have been a clerical error.

The heart is one of the most important organs in an organism’s body, no matter if they are aquatic, amphibian, or a mammal. This super organ works automatically, able to pump massive amounts of oxygen rich blood through the body by means of electrical impulses and the opening and closing of valves within its many layers. It is what keeps us and every other creature on this earth alive; so it is only natural for one to fear when there might be a problem with one’s heart. A cardiac arrhythmia can happen to anyone, no matter the age, race, or gender, and as such, doctors and scientist have spent years trying to better understand the heart and the way it functions so that they can try to prevent these problems and save millions of lives.

The human body contains blood and fluid compounds and elements like chloride, phosphate, potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium known as electrolytes that occur naturally to control important physiologic functions. When the body levels of electrolytes are low (hypo) or high (hyper) it results in electrolyte disorder. Depending on the affected electrolyte(s), when body electrolytes are hyper (high) or hypo(low) it leads to electrolyte disorder, which in turn disrupts blood ionized salts balance ( Buttaro, et al., 2017). For instance, disruption of chloride leads to either hyperchloremia or hypochloremia, calcium (hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia ), Potassium (hyperkalemia or hypokalemia), Magnesium disruption

While contraction in skeletal muscle is triggered by motor neurons under central control, certain cardiac muscle variants exhibit autorhythmicity. This means that that they are capable of producing their own depolarizing electrical potential. The cardiomyocytes that are capable of producing their own electrical potentials are found in what is referred to as the electrical condition system of the heart. This system is comprised of specializes cardiomyocytes that are autorhythmic and are able to conduct electrical potentials rapidly. These specialized structures include the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node and bundle, and Purkinje fibers.