ATSI Communication Studies

The prevalence of diabetes is increasing in Canada, and is growing health concern. This increase is especially apparent in Canadian Aboriginal population where the estimated prevalence of diabetes is three to five times higher than in the general Canadian population. Because of the risk of several health complications such as coronary heart diseases, neuropathy, eye damage, kidney failure, and peripheral arterial diseases, diabetes is a one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Developing health complications increases when diabetes is undiagnosed and represents unseen, but important burden with significant long-term impact on the people’s health status. First Nations individuals have more diabetes risk factors and suffer more diabetes-related health complications than non-Aboriginals. Therefore, accurate data on diabetes prevalence are essential for government, health care and research organizations.

These include hospital stay and the high rate of readmission to hospital for screening and due to complications. Medications for the patients also contribute significantly to diabetes management since the drugs are prescribed for maintenance of the condition and thus need to be taken regularly. Inpatient visits to the hospital is the leading value of cost in the management of the disease (American Diabetes Association, 2013). The people who have diabetes are sicker and weaker when compared to the general population. The cost of their health care spending is also higher than the cost for healthy individuals. On the view of indirect costs due to diabetes, there are several conditions that lead to an increase in expenditure of the patients. For instance, the likelihood of developing disabilities due to complications as a result of diabetes is quite high. The workforce is therefore negatively affected and leads to a decline in the economy of the country. Out of all the deaths reported in the year 2012, the number in which diabetes was named as the primary cause amounted to 30% diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2012; National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2014; American Diabetes Association, 2013). The premature deaths due to diabetes led to loss of income and loss of productivity in the country. The public therefore needs to be educated to reduce this cost as it is shown that the cost of managing diabetes is reduced when the patient has enough information about the condition. For instance, persons with better glycemic control have low levels of developing complications and report a decrease in visits to a doctor with those with uncontrolled diabetes having to visit the hospital three to eight times more (Handelsman et al.,

Diabetes has become a serious issue in indigenous Australians in Australia. According to the Australian human rights commission (2001), indigenous people were three times more than non- indigenous Australians. Compared with all the population in the world, aboriginal Australians have the fourth highest rate of type 2 diabetes. Around 10% to 30% of them are diagnosed with diabetes and many of them will have the disease in early age (Better Health Channel, 2011). Based on the truths stated above, it shows that diabetes is serious health problems around indigenous Australians that need to be solved eagerly. This report will discuss four parts regarding diabetes among indigenous Australians included impact on the individual, family, population, together with, the implications for the role of nurse dealing with.

The prevalence of diabetes is 3.5 times as likely as non-Indigenous Australians and 4 times as likely to be hospitalised as a result. This could be linked to socioeconomic determinants of low levels education and consequently unemployment or low income work. Also, ATSI elders typically have a major influence over younger generations and therefore the youth are less likely to ask for help by health professionals and are more likely to seek advice from

For assessment of a Native American client, the nurse may use the Giger and Davidhizar’s transcultural assessment model that contains key points that view the client as a more culturally unique individual. The use of quiet, silent communication that values nonverbal rather than verbal communication is of great significance in the Native American culture(nwindian). Native American people tend to value silence during emotional times and also value listening before speaking(nwindian). It is critical for the nurse to realize that this specific culture is sensitive to direct eye contact for long periods of time and to avoid it(nwindian). Native Americans prefer to keep a larger distance, longer than arms length, when communicating and

Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by the loss of the ability to control the glucose level in the blood by the loss of insulin. This disease can be of many types, but the prevalence of type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes are mostly seen in Australia, with type 2 being more common (AIHW, 2011). 4% of Australians have Diabetes, and according to the 2004-2005 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey, diabetes was three times more common in Indigenous Australians than in the Non-Indigenous Australians.

Nature Although the Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander peoples only make up 2.5% of the population, they experience higher rates of ill health, morbidity and mortality in comparison to the general population. The true extent of the health inequities experienced by the ATSI population is difficult to completely record and analyse due to their comparatively small population along with the fact that 66% of their population does not live in capital cities.

Indigenous Australians experience a much lower life-expectancy than the national average, and are substantially more prone to developing diseases and long-term disability leading to a reduced quality of life. One of the most significant contributors to the ATSI population’s health and wellbeing is their geographical location, in particular, looking at their access to health services and adequate nutrition.

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The health gap in diabetes between Indigenous people and non-Indigenous Australian, which is more likely three times among Indigenous, although the efforts of health care system.

Currently, there are about 75,000 Saskatchewan people living with diabetes and this number will increase by 2020 with a subsequent increase in the economic burden of diabetes in Saskatchewan (Provincial Auditor Saskatchewan 2012). Diabetes occurs in all populations however, certain populations have higher rates of incidence and prevalence of diabetes than others such as, Aboriginal populations (Harris et al. 2013). Diabetes is now a leading cause of mortality, morbidity and severe disabilities among Aboriginal people (Dyck et al. 2010) thus, it is a significant health concern among Aboriginal peoples in Canada with prevalence rates higher than in the general Canadian population with an earlier age of diabetes onset (Canadian Diabetes Association 2011). Also, off reserve Aboriginal population is 1.5 times more likely than the non-Aboriginal population to report at least one chronic condition such as diabetes, high blood pressure or arthritis (Carter 2004).

Type II diabetics and its complications is one of the rising public health issues among the Canadian population especially the aboriginal communities of Canada. Aboriginal people are indigenousness people of Canada before the arrival of European explorers. The aboriginal people include three groups; the first nation, Inuit, and Métis with their own unique culture, history and spiritual practices (Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, 2014). According to the public health of Canada (2011), before 1940, diabetes among the Aboriginal population was rare but by 1950 the rate increased rapidly reaching epidemic levels in some communities with a prevalence of diabetes of 3 to 4 times higher than that of non-aboriginal communities. This may attribute to their non modifiable genetically predisposition and modifiable risk factors such as environmental, educational and socioeconomically (Ayach & Korda, 2010). To tackle and eliminate this health scare, the Government of Canada together with the Aboriginal people need to create supportive environment and policy to strengthen community action through education and developing personal skills.

“Communication is the means by which culture is transmitted and preserved” (Giger & Davidhizar, 2002, p. 185). Communication involves many verbal and nonverbal techniques that clearly demonstrate to others that we respect them, hear them, and genuinely are interested in what they have to say. Much more than just talking to someone, communication is actively engaging in conversation. To do this we must first master that which speaks without words. That is to listen. Our body language including posture, position, and gesture can either invite or disable someone from communicating with us. In a journal for ethnicity and health it is stated that “poor levels of communication between healthcare staff and Pakistani patients, and professional perceptions of these patients, may contribute to higher rates of mortality and morbidity both through reducing access to services and affirming the lower social status that Pakistani patients perceive themselves to possess” (Mir and Sheikh, 2010, p 339). Any harm to a patient related to poor communication may stem from the non-beneficence of the nurse or other health care

Type two diabetes is a huge problem in the pacifica institution, as early studies have shown that while diabetes was virtually non-existent in populations aboriginal to the Pacific, maintaining a traditional lifestyle, this position was true for the metropolitan pacific population. Statistics show that over time type two diabetes prevalence has rapidly increased indigenously over time within the pacifica community. There was also epidemiological evidence which indicates that prevalence is generally lowest in traditional Pacific environment 's or in other words type two diabetes is most commonly found within the pacifica community this is because of two main reasons which are genetics and lifestyle. It is proven that Pacific people experience greater morbidity and more complications than white people diagnosed with type two diabetes. Genetic factor alone cannot yet prove or explain reasons to these patterns or as to why pacifica people diagnosed with type two diabetes suffer more , or a more likely to have type two diabetes than white people. Which are also due to rapid changes in lifestyle and risk factors, such as unhealthy diets, obesity and physical inactivity that have become widespread within the region. We now know that type two diabetes epidemic is a big risk factor for our pacifica community, this leads to bad health habits and issues which means genetically this could be

Vulgar on, Second National Health and Morbidity Survey the overall predominance of diabetes was 11.6% in those over 18 years and 14.9% in those higher 30 years. Yonder was a growing inclination in ubiquity with age, from 2% in the 18-19-year-olds to a disturbing predominance varying between 20.8 – 26.2% amid the 50 – 64-year-olds. The pervasiveness was vitally greater among city compared to country areas ( 12.1% versus 10.5%). No gender inequality in the ubiquity observed. Sordid on amenities, the Indians had the greatest reign of diabetes (19.9%), accompanied by Chinese people have 11.4%and Malays people have 11.9%. Those with a primary schooling or fewer people have a higher ubiquity of diabetes. There was no difference in the commonness of diabetes by revenue status. The general ubiquity of recognizing diabetes newly diagnosed diabetes and IFG among Malaysians over 18 years was 7.0%, 4.5% and 4.2% correspondingly. The entire pervasiveness of diabetes among men over 30 years raised by 80% over a decade serving an ordinary 8% increase per year. The ubiquity of known diabetes in the related group raised by 66% from 5.7% to 9.5%. The pervasiveness of recently diagnosed diabetes grew from 2.5% to 5%, an increase of 12% per year. These measurements have to prepare in awareness of the