Essay on Abalone: Gastropod Species in South African Aquaculture

Stress Is the body’s way of responding to the hectic lives most of us live, whether good or bad. The body releases chemicals into the bloodstream, which creates a rush of energy and strength If an individual is feeling stressed. This energy can prove useful if an individual is in physical danger. Because it enables a person’s survival instinct kicks in; it is often described as ‘fight or flight.’ In addition, stress can also have a negative effect on the body, for example: suffering from stress and leaving it unchecked can contribute to health problems, such as high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, and diabetes.

CDC receives reports of over 400 Vibrio illnesses each year. Of those, about 90 per year are due to V. vulnificus. Most V. vulnificus illness occurs during warm-weather months. Individual can contract V. vulnificus found in oysters and other shellfish in warm coastal waters during the summer months. Since it is naturally found in warm marine waters, people with open wounds can be exposed to V. vulnificus through direct contact with seawater, shellfish, and marine wildlife. (CDC,

It is no surprise that passengers and crew on cruise ships and other boating vessels are very frequently affected by the Norwalk viruses and other strands of the Caiciviridae family. The problem lies sometimes with when the ships are required to dock in other countries where the levels of cleanliness and sanitation might not be up to par. This then increases the risk

V. vulnificus causes disease in individuals who eat contaminated seafood or contaminating an open wound or even a tiny scratch with seawater containing the organism. Because of the high multiplication rate of the pathogen, wound infections may quickly progress to necrotizing fasciitis and even secondary septicemia (Bier et al. 2015a). Babolsar is a coastal city in Iran. This investigation was performed as the public awareness of the existence of the bacterium in the regions under study. Shaw et al. (Shaw et al. 2014) reported that V. vulnificus strains were detected from all sampling locations in Chesapeake Bay and Maryland Coastal Bays. Paydar and Thong (Paydar and Thong 2013) reported a prevalence of 23% V. vulnificus strains from seawater samples in

The article examines the outbreak of CyHV-2 as exotic virus in goldfish species in Australia. The authors conduct an investigation to identify the possible route for the virus to be passed to Australia and they also evaluate a possibility of establishment of virus in domestic stock. The study also provides a very comprehensive information about the incursion of CyHV-2 in goldfish population. Moreover, the study suggested that the virus were passing the quarantine via sub-clinical infected gold fish. The finding suggested that the distribution of CyHV-2 in Australia have strong relationship with the goldfish retail outlet in Sydney. Furthermore, the theory that provided in the article is supported by well-known researchers such as Richard Wittington. In addition, the writing style also consider a wide range of audiences particularly people who really keen on studying fish health. This study is very relevant to my literature critique due to the similarity of the research areas that covering in this article. Moreover, the method (qPCR) that used in this study are very sensitive to figure out the CyHV-2 infection.

ESC disease is caused by the gram-negative bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri. It is one of the most severe diseases of catfish. The disease was first reported in 1976 (Hawke et al., 1981). Direct economic loss due to ESC disease was estimated to be approximately $60 million. The disease affects all size classes of catfish including market size fish, and causes high mortality. A survey conducted in 2010 indicated that 19.3% of fingerling and 36.6% of food-size catfish operations had ESC outbreaks (APHIS, USDA).

Today, NOAA and several partners are supporting a breeding program at the University of California. After early success in the early two thousands, the program encountered setbacks related to the health of the captive animals. However, the program made great advances in disease research and treatment and now there is thousands of juvenile abalone within their program. In addition to NOAA, there are many other international groups working to

abalones are gastropods class mollusk of the animalia kingdom. abalones are also edible, large, and a type of snail. the most comprehensive treatment of the family considers 56 spices valid with 18 additional sub spices. The shells of the abalones have low open spiral structure and are characterized by several open respiratory pores in a row near the shells outer

Background: The consumption of raw oyster is popular throughout the United States, however, individuals with certain medical condition can become severely sick if they consume a raw oyster that is contaminated by naturally-occurring bacteria. Vibrio vulnificus is commonly found in waters where oysters are cultivated, and in the summer months the concentration of Vibrio vulnificus bacteria increases in warm coastal areas. Oysters often contain higher concentration of Vibrio vulnificus bacteria because they feed by filtering the coastal water where the bacteria is found. It is not possible for an individual to tell through smelling or looking at the oyster. Individuals who are at risk are those who have a liver disease, diabetes, cancer, stomach disease, and people who have a weakened immune system. The people at risk will generally show symptoms of Vibrio vulnificus infection within 24 to 48 hours of ingestion. Some of the symptoms include sudden chills, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shock, and skin lesions. If left untreated, people in the at risk population can die from the infection within two days. Common myths including adding lime juice, wasabi, and hot sauce cannot kill the bacteria. Only cooking it to the proper

Eating seafood contaminated with Vibrio vulnificus. The bacteria is often found in oysters and other shellfish in warm coastal waters during the summer.

The encounter of humans to S. typhi is made via fecal-oral route from infected individuals to healthy ones. Poor hygiene of patients shedding the organism can lead to secondary infection, as well as consumption of shellfish from polluted bodies

Did you know that Abalone fish look a lot like clams? Abalon are pretty small fish but they are very smart.Here are some facts abot Abalone.

Two years later, in 1989, the consumption of L. monocytogenes contaminated shrimp was found to be responsible for 10 confirmed cases of listeriosis with 100% mortality in Connecticut, USA (Riedo et al., 1994).

monodon and P. vannamei. In china, Penaeus chinensis was also reported to be affected. Presence in Asia-Pacific AHPNS has been officially reported in China and Vietnam (2010), Malaysia (2011) and Thailand (2012).While it is apparent that the spread of AHPNS throughout the region, it also suggests an infectious or at least biological agent may be involved. So far, laboratory challenge tests have failed to demonstrate that the disease is transmissible and no infectious agent or toxin has been identified. Apart from that, the histopathology is a suggestive toxicity. Not to mention, the testing of the feeds from affected farms and two crustaceacides including cypermethrin have similarly failed to reproduce the disease. Moreover, the disease is not related to any of the known shrimp pathogens like WSSV, YHV, IMNV, and TSV. In conclusion, at this stage the cause is unknown, and the possibility of an infectious agent and/or toxin cannot be discounted ( Lightner & Flegel,

Antimicrobial resistant bacteria in seafood are a major public health concern worldwide. Reports on use of antimicrobials in aquaculture and residue findings in the products have indicated food safety threat to the consumers. In aquaculture, the use of wide array antimicrobials leading to development of bacterial resistance, use of resistant probiotic resistant strains and contamination of resistant pathogenic bacteria e.g. Salmonella spp. as input have facilitated to development of pool of resistant bacteria. Indicator bacteria are a useful tool to monitor antimicrobial resistance in any animal originated products. E. coli and Enterococci have been proven useful bacterial indicators in livestock and other animal husbandry practices