Absorption Of Cyanide

Cyanide is a compound that consists of a carbon nitrogen bond. There is a triple bond from the carbon atom to the nitrogen atom. Cyanide has many usages but can also be very dangerous to the people that are handling the substance. This compound is used in photography, fishing, mining, and papermaking. While it seems efficient in these different activities, it is extremely deadly. This substance is a quickly acting poison that can kill someone in a short period of time. In our poster we went over many different subjects regarding this infamous compound including natural occurrences, pollution caused by the substance, human usages, and future use.

In excessive concentration, cyanide is very toxic to the aquatic life and fishes are 1000 times more sensitive to cyanide than humans. Cyanide poisoning are one of the risks that birds and other wildlife are exposed, if they are using tailing ponds for drinking or swimming. Only few hundred birds are killed from cyanide each year. When cyanide is used in mining, some of this chemical gets spilled and some is in left within mine waste which often buried underground which is sadly close to ground water, leaving communities and public health officials worried about the side effects om drinking water, pollution and surrounding of ecosystem and wildlife. In 2000, a breach in a tailing (mining waste) dam at a gold mine in Baia Mare in Romania, resulted in the release of 100,000 cubic meters of cyanide waste into the surrounding watershed. Roughly all aquatic life in nearby waters died, while drinking water supplies were cut off for 2.5 million people. These similar cases took place in Japan, Canada and

Cyanide (CN- anion) compounds and deviations of it (HCN, KCN) have been in use for many years as poisons in various settings. In Ancient Egypt plants containing trace concentrations of cyanide have been used as lethal poisons and in World War II HCN was employed with a base to mass exterminate millions of people in Nazi camps. Another historically used method of cyanide poisoning is through gas chambers created by addition of a cyanide salt into an acid to create HCN (g). Although many forms of cyanide exist, the most common is HCN, which naturally is released into the atmosphere from plants, volcanoes and bacteria/fungi. The primary source of cyanide poisoning in humans is through accidental ingestion of plants. More than 2,000 plant species contain cyanogenic glycosides that when ingested can be rapidly hydrolyzed into cyanide. This rapid hydrolysis occurs when cell structure of the plant is disturbed thus plant products that are incorrectly processed may lead to cyanide poisoning. Cyanogenic compounds are present in surprisingly large number of common foods such as sweet potatoes, cassava, bamboo and lima beans1. An area of growing concern is inhalation of tobacco smoke, which is another common source of cyanogenic compounds. Many idiopathic syndromes have been shown to be associated with failure in detoxification mechanisms specifically targeting cyanide compounds2.

However, adsorption is one of the promising methods to remove the dye pollutants from aqueous system completely. It was, therefore, thought worthwhile to develop highly efficient and effective adsorbents for the removal of dye from the textile

After thoroughly reading this week’s material, the specific weapon I have chosen is a chemical compound such as sodium or potassium cyanides. I have chosen cyanides to be a potential weapon used, simply because it is a more discrete way to harm mass casualties. According to the CIA, “typical plots focus on poisoning foods or spreading the agent on surfaces to poison via skin contact” (CIA 2007).

The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation of diazinon using titanium dioxide nanoparticles DAP with iron in the presence of ultraviolet light from the aqueous

The first factor was in regards to the actual effectiveness of the deicer by examining freezing point depression and enthalpy of dissolution. In order to examine freezing point depression, different amount of NaCl were added to water and the change in temperature was measured. The results showed that as the amount of solute increased, so did the change in temperature. Enthalpy of dissolution was also examined in an attempt to find whether or not the reaction between a deicing agent and water would be endothermic or exothermic. NaCl and KCl were both found to be endothermic, while CaCl2 and MgCl2 were found to be exothermic. Based on the ability to depress freezing point, and the exothermic reactivity, MgCl2 was found to be the most effective deicing agent. Impact on the environment was also examined. Although all Chloride based deicing compounds are detrimental to the environment, much of the problem stems from the amount of cations which seep into the surrounding area. Under the preceding notion, MgCl2 was found to be the most environmental friendly as it holds the greatest potential for freezing point depression and exothermic reactivity amongst the compounds examined. This means that for every one unit of MgCl2 used, significantly more units of another compound would be necessary. But, due to factors such as humidity, MgCl2 and CaCl2 are not the choice by state officials as they have potential to

One relatively new approach is testing different nanostructure metal oxide sorbents. The goal for this research is to find a sorbent that has a combination of high affinity, selectivity, adsorption capacity, minimal cost, and last a long time. Some of the metal oxides that have been used in the research include hydrated titanium oxides, iron oxides, and magnesium oxides. These metal oxides were picked because of their favorable characteristics which include a high surface area, varying particle sizes, high capacity for adsorption, simple preparation, and the ability to be reused without losing activity. Figure 1 shows some of these solid metal oxides used in the experiments with varying particle sizes. These are represented with a different unit length scale shown clearly in each bottom right corner of the four different

Arsenic contamination in groundwater has become a major health problem for human being. There are many treatment methods have been developed for arsenic removal. It is important to develop a treatment method that is economical and accessible for people who live in rural areas and cannot afford the expensive treatment methods. Due to its several advantages, such as low cost and maintenance, electrocoagulation is one of the promising methods that can be used for arsenic treatment. In this study, we compare chemical coagulation with electrocoagulation and try to show the advantages of electrocoagulation over chemical coagulation. Three experimental studies have been reviewed and based on the results of these studies it has been concluded that by determining optimum parameters such as electrolysis time, initial arsenic concentration, current density, electrode surface area, and pH value, electrocoagulation can be an effective treatment method for arsenic removal from groundwater due to its low cost, eco-friendly and low maintenance.

A linear regression was applied to equation 4 and the values of No and ka were computed from the slope and intercept of the BDST plot between ln(Co/Ct -1) versus t at different adsorption parameters such as flow rate, bed height and influent adsorbate concentration. These BDST parameters were used to predict the maximum metal uptake capacity (qcal) under different process conditions and were compared with the experimental values (qexp) in relation to the estimated values of ka and No. As shown in Table 1a and b, the values ka decreased with increasing bed depth and influent metal concentration, but increase with increasing flow rates. Meanwhile, the values of No declined with the increase in bed height and flow rate. This trend can be explained on the fact that at increased bed heights more number of active sites is available for sorption to give higher total metal uptake but reduced per unit removal, whereas at increased flow rate the volume of adsorbate that entered the column was higher and caused the bed to saturate early. As with increased metal concentration, the No values were found to be increasing due to higher loading of metal on the adsorbent achieved in a short period of contact. This discussion shows that the overall kinetics of adsorption process is governed by external mass transfer. (aa26, aa7,aa14, aa27)

Batch experiments were designed to investigate the efficiency of fluoride removal with varying conditions of extraction. 100 ml of ground water from one of the samples was pipette out into a 250ml conical flask and to it, weighed quantity of the prepared active carbon adsorbent was added, pH (=7) was adjusted and the solution was stirred for desired period at 200 rpm on a mechanical shaker at room temperature 30±10C. Then the solution was filtered through Whatman No: 42filter paper. The fluoride concentration in the sample after de-fluoridation was determined by SPADNS method using U.V-Visible Spectrophometer (Model No: Elico U.V-2600) as described in the “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste water18” at λ max 570 nm. The same procedure has been adopted for the experiments carried out with different active carbon adsorbents: NVNC, NSOC, NAbIC and NAcIC at the optimum conditions of pH (=7), contact time (50min for both NVNC and NSOC and 60 min for both NAbIC and NAcIC) and adsorbent dosage. It has been observed that the amount of active carbons required for defluoridation of l m3 (1000 liters) water are: 2.61 kg for NVNC, 3.09 for NSOC, 3.61 for NAbIC and 3.72 kg for NAcIC.

Sand Production control and mitigation is an industry-wide problem and having limited knowledge about dealing with sand production mitigation works to the disadvantage of any industrial entity. This report clearly outlines sand production mitigation techniques and more importantly one treatment technique and one mitigation technique. Using a compare contrast setting key features of these techniques are explored with the intent of informing and bringing to the fore front two major entities that must be taken into consideration’ The environment and cost. This report shows how natural based processes are more economically feasible and more suited for the environment.

This project focuses on the elimination of cobalt (II) metal ions from contaminated waters. Even though Co (II) appears to be one of the essential elements to human body at low concentrations, when cobalt is too concentrated; it may damage human body and may cause diseases such as asthma and pneumonia1. Cobalt pollution may be caused by many alloys (super alloys in gas turbine of aircraft engines, corrosion resistant

a*Faculty of Chemical Enginnering and Natural Resources University of Malaysia Pahang (UMP) Kuantan Pahang, Malaysia

This project report is certified by the supervisor and approved by the head of department of chemical engineering.