Abstract Nuclear Medicine: Radiopharmacology

Nuclear medicine has been around for more than 50 years now and stems from the discovery of x-rays and artificial radioactivity. In 1946, nuclear medicine made a monumental breakthrough when radioactive iodine led to the complete disappearance of cancer in a patient’s thyroid. Nuclear medicine became widely used in the 1950’s to measure the function of the thyroid, to diagnose thyroid disease, and for the treatment of patients with hyperthyroidism. By the 1970’s nuclear medicine was used to visualize other organs of the body other than the thyroid such as scanning of the liver and spleen, localizing brain tumors, and images of the gastrointestinal track. The use of digital computers and detection of heart disease arose in

After electromagnetism comes weak nuclear force. Weak nuclear force is responsible for the decay in radioactivity. It is

Nuclear medicine technology has advantages and disadvantages just as any other career. Using nuclear medicine technology could diagnose a lot of harmful diseases. Also, it is more effective treatment for most categories of cancerous diseases and conditions in some medical institutions. This type of medicine technology helps physicians perform their responsibility of patients’ therapy easily; moreover, when a serious disease developed in the patient’s body, the x-rays of this medicine technology could scan the most sensitive part of the patient’s body.

they differ in the number of neutrons in each atom, the atomic mass, & their nuclear stability

The atomic number ,the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is 10.The average atomic mass would be 20.108. It sits in group 18 with the rest of the noble gases. Neon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe.

Each proton and neutron has a mass of approximately 1 Dalton. The sum of protons and neutrons is the atoms atomic

These particles are forced together in the atomic nucleus by the strong force. More neutrons can make stability greater in the strong nuclear force interactions among the particles that are packed in a superheavy nucleus which would otherwise repel each other.

Nuclear medicine is a medical speciality whereby radiopharmaceuticals – drugs containing radioactive materials called radioisotopes – are given to a patient in order to determine the severity of or treat a variety of diseases. However, to understand this and the impact that different physics principles have on the function of nuclear medicine, these principles must first be explained. Atoms; the building blocks of matter, contain a centrally located nucleus inside of which there are positively and neutrally charged subatomic particles known respectively as protons and neutrons. Electrons orbit around them and have a negative charge. The name isotope is given to atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. When isotopes occur, they serve to stabilise the proceeding atom, however, if there are too many or too few neutrons, then they become unstable and are known as radioisotopes. Radioisotopes are often artificially created through irradiation, which is where an

Around the world, nuclear medicine is used by doctors, physicians, chemists, engineers, and modern day hospitals in treating many diseases, and also in determining the causes of medical problems based on functioning organs, tissues, and or bones. Looking inside

Nuclear medicine refers to the use of radioactivity to diagnose and treat diseases. Nuclear medicine is a rapidly expanding branch of chemistry that uses short-lived radioisotopes to seek out specific organs. Nuclear medicine can detect radiation coming from inside a patient’s body and as a result nuclear medicine can determine the cause of the medical problems based on organ’s function. The use of nuclear medicine techniques have increased due to its’ use of biological chemistry to target specific cells more precisely than traditional radiation. Traditional radiation applies radiation from an external source to kill target cells, but can also kill non-targeted cells in the process.

The splitting of a large nucleus causes a chain reaction of splitting other nuclei and releasing shooting neutrons that can continuously split more atomic nuclei creating energy in the process.

Alpha particles are composed of 2 protons and also 2 neutrons. It has a plus 2 charge. They are the nucleus of a helium atom. When an unstable nuclei releases an alpha particle, the mass number decreases by 4, and the atomic number decreases by 2. This means that a new element forms due to this emission. Alpha particles are released by relatively large nuclei. [3] It can travel across the air, however does not travel well in solid. Alpha particles are able to ionize the solid that it is passing through. [4] Beta particles occurs when an unstable nuclei emits an electron, which has a negative charge. To conserve the charges in the atom, one of the neutrons in the nucleus spontaneously changes into a proton. The mass number stays the same, however, the atomic number increases by 1. [3] This also means that a new element forms. It can travel through air and compared to alpha particles, they can penetrate through solid matter more, however its ionization ability is less than the alpha particles. [4] The other type of emission is gamma rays. Gamma rays are photons; they are a

Tiny objects known as atoms are always around you. The mass of each of these atoms have a concentrated centre known as the nucleus, and the rest of the mass is in a cloud of electrons which surrounds the nucleus. Protons and neutrons are particles that make up the nucleus. Under special circumstances, the nucleus of a large atom can split into two. This is due to an amount of the mass of the atom is being converted to pure energy. The famous formula produced by Albert Einstein, where the M is the mass and C is the speed of light m/s. The Manhattan Project successfully used this energy in a chain reaction to create nuclear bombs (What is Nuclear, 2016). Nuclear energy in today’s society has expanded as far as having over 400 power reactors in the world. However, there are many positives and negatives about nuclear energy, ranging from nuclear weapons to disasters like Chernobyl in 1986. The potential of the nuclear fission to create energy was discovered by an Italian Physicist, Enrico Fermi in 1934 when he blasted atoms and found out that the products were much finer than what he originally thought (Earth Eclipse, 2017). He made the original nuclear reaction on December 2, 1942 and figure out its power and efficiency to use. In July 1945, the first test on nuclear reaction was held in the desert of New Mexico through a nuclear bomb. Nuclear energy is generated through a nuclear power plant which makes a very complex system in order

During nuclear warfare, when a bomb hits the ground, the bomb releases' radiation. There are three different types of radiation; alpha, beta, and gamma. Nuclear Fission is when a heavy, unstable nucleus into two lighter nuclei. Nuclear Fusion is the process when two lighter nuclei combine to release a vast amount of energy. Stable Nuclei are nuclei that are stable because it has an even amount of protons and neutrons. Unstable nuclei are nuclei that are unstable because it does not have an even amount of neutrons and protons.

21 The structure of any atom is essentially defined by two numbers. How many protons, neutrons and electrons are present in an atom of the element with proton (atomic) number 6 and nucleon (mass) number 14? Protons A B C D 6 8 6 8 Neutrons 8 6 8 6 Electrons 6 6 8 8