Abstract
Objectives: To highlight the importance of cord blood S100B protein in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)
Subjects and Methods: This study included 60 asphyxiated newborns and 40 matched controls. Blood samples were collected from all neonates and values of S100B protein were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Results: The mean serum level of S100B protein was significantly higher in asphyxiated group than the control group with a significant correlation between increased S100B protein level and severity of HIE among patients. We found that at the cutoff level of serum S100B protein 0.44µg/l, sensitivity 97%, specificity91%, an accuracy of predicting neonatal asphyxia 94% with
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In 1976 Sarnat and Sarnat carried out a score, the Sarnat score, which was a combination of neurological symptoms as described above and the accompanying electro-encephalographic (EEG) features. This score was, in fact, a grading of the severity of the encephalopathy. It contains three stages, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) stage 1, HIE stage 2 and HIE stage 3, the latest the most severe stage of encephalopathy. The most severely affected infants typically progress from stage 1 to 3 [7,8]. The S100B protein is produced and released primarily by astrocytes in the CNS where it has trophic functions on neurons and the glia. Many molecules are asigned a role as markers of neurological injury in cases of HIE. Glutamate, aspartate, lactate, ammonia, creatinine, specific kinase, NSE (neuron specific enolase) and other substances have been studied in serum, umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [9]. Previous studies that measured the concentration of S100B in the CSF and blood have shown a direct relationship with brain injury [10]. The aim of this study was to highlight the importance of cord blood S100B protein in the diagnosis of neonatal HIE and determination of its severity.
Patients and Methods
This cross-sectional study is conducted on 60 asphyxiated full-term neonates delivered in El Shohadaa Central Hospital and Shebeen El Kom teaching Hospital in the period
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis(HSVE) can occur at second or third trimester of pregnancy and I also learn from this paper that this infection can also occur in postpartum period without common symptoms like fever and headache. The physiological immunosuppression during pregnancy and weak natural-killer cell cytotoxicity in late pregnancy are indicated as the factors for herpes simplex virus type 1 infections in postpartum period. The studies show that as the time between the onset of the symptoms and the treatment is prolonged, the morbidity and mortality rates increase. The symptoms of HSVE are fever, headache, focal edema, necrosis, aphasia, stupor, motor weakness, generalized seizure, coma, and hemorrhage in temporal and frontal lobes. This case paper review focuses on the basic functions and roles of herpes simplex virus gene products and reviews the current knowledge of medical applications of genetically engineered HSV mutants using different strategies and also allowed the development of potential therapeutic agents and vectors for human
In Cormac McCarthy’s The Road, the father presents to the reader three distinct characteristics that shapes his personality through novel. When the man mentions of “carrying the fire” to his son, meaning that his son carries the load of civilization, compassion, and sympathy, the father expresses multiple times that he lives for his son, and only for his son. The world of The Road is a complete anarchy, and the man displays extensive amounts of bravery while trying to face the struggles and hardships that is presented to them. Whether the challenge is to be hiding from cannibals, or wandering into dangerous abandon houses, the man always exhibits ample amounts of bravery.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome remains the leading cause of post-neonatal mortality (under the age of one) in developed countries. The causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome have been puzzling and research is being conducted to solve this catastrophic problem. Having a child under the age of one makes me very concerned, along with any other parent(s), that the possibility of SIDS could affect any infant at anytime, SIDS does not discriminate. I am seeking to find the possible causes to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome so in the future deaths could be avoided.
Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy is a serious brain injury that results from an inadequate flow of oxygenated blood to an infant’s brain. It is most common in full-term infants.
researchers stated that SIDS babies probably have a defect in the brain neurochemicals that usually operate the protective responses to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.(IntelliHealth 3)
A) America had long had a policy of isolationism and when it got involved in World War I, many Americans believed that it was a pointless war to fight. Americans were anti-Nazi and anti-Hitler; they fervently hoped that the democracies would win; they fondly believed that the forces of righteousness would triumph, as in 1918. Neutrality became a heated issue in the United States. Ill-prepared Britain and France urgently needed American airplanes and other weapons, but the Neutrality Act of 1937 raised a sternly forbidding hand and provided that the henceforth the European democracies might buy American war materials, but only on a “cash-and-carry basis,” which meant that they would have to transport the munitions in their own ships and America
Within the foetus, embryonic nerve cells grow exponentially, then migrate to their destinations and develop into a vast collection of distinctive neuronal cell categories unique to their specific function. In prearranged patterns, the cells later form networks with other brain cells. The metabolic process of alcohol instigates makes the cells vulnerable to cell damage by free radicals (harmful substances). Research has suggested that “free radical damage can kill sensitive populations of brain cells at critical times of development in the first trimester of pregnancy (Cartwright, M.M).” Additional experiments have suggested that the third trimester is a particularly susceptible stage for damage to brain cells linked to FASD. The metabolic breakdown of alcohol interferes with brain development through the alteration of the function or production of natural regulatory substances that assist in the promotion of the differentiation and orderly growth of
As I stated in the abstract, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is the unexpected death of a healthy infant in its sleep usually under the age of one. It is also known as “crib death” because the death usually occurs in the crib. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome claims the lives of approximately 2,500 infants each year. The majority of SIDS deaths occur between 2 and 4 month year olds. The cause of SIDS is usually known and there are a number of causes. Causes of SIDS include: smoking or drinking during pregnancy, inadequate prenatal responsibility, prematurity, inexperienced mothers, smoking near or around the baby, enormous amounts of heating from blankets or pajamas, and placing a baby on its stomach (Floyd R. Livingston Jr., MD. Sudden Infant Death
The cause of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been poorly understood for years. The definition of sudden infant death syndrome is “the sudden death of an infant less than one year of age that cannot be explained following a thorough investigation”. To better understand the cause, and to predict those at risk, researchers are studying the brain tissue of infants that have passed away from SIDS. Identifying the cause could lead to prevention strategies.
One of the most controversial behaviours parents can do is adjust the babies sleeping environment. There have been multiple arguments on this topic; however, research has shown that a babies sleeping environment can impact their sleeping safety tremendously. Some safety precautions all care givers can do is: placing the baby on their back to sleep, keeping the crib clean and clear of any toys or pillows, don’t overheat the baby with clothes or blankets instead try a sleeping sack, and lastly allow the baby to sleep in the caregivers room for the first six months or until the infant is capable of rolling over on their own. Another way to help prevent SIDS is by using a pacifier. Strangely enough, pacifiers can reduce the risk of SIDS due to the fact that they help prevent a baby from going into a deep sleep. Though, caregivers need to take precaution when doing this if an infant is breast feeding as they should not be introduced to pacifiers until they are nursing well. Consequently, one of the easiest ways to prevent SIDS is to not ignore sicknesses, especially respiratory related issues. In the first year of an infant’s life something as simple as a cough or old can impact them greatly. By taking an infant to a clinic, doctor, or even the emergency room as soon as any signs of sickness strike could save their life. Ultimately, there is no guaranteed that these precautions will work and unfortunately SIDS does happen. Despite that, there are multiple ways for caregivers to cope with this
Inmates have right just as any other citizen would but with a few restrictions. They get rights as citizens and rights as human beings. They have rights as citizens such as right to free speech, and due process. As humans they have right as health care which the government has the reasonability to provide those services. They have the right to religion, adequate care, personal property, and adequate medical care.
SIDS, also known as crib death, continues to be the number 1 killer of children age one month to 1 year in the United States; however, most SIDS related deaths typically occur within the 1-4 month age range. The Mayo Clinic (2017), defines Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) as the unexplained death, usually during sleep, of a seemingly healthy baby less than a year old. Although there is no definite etiology of SIDS, several risk factors have been identified.
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in infants and children. The most important consequences of neonatal HI is epilepsy. Epilepsy is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by recurrent of unprovoked seizures due to hyperexcitability and hypersynchrony of neuronal activity. Recent studies uncovered important molecular and cellular aspects of HI brain injury that may provide therapeutic target for intervening in the epileptogenesis in the developing brain. In our experiment approaches, we administrate RAGE antagonist to protect brain tissue from the effect of HI induced and inhibit apoptotic pathway and downstream products, including IL-6. Most importantly, the specific interaction between S100B
As I stated in the abstract, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is the unexpected death of a healthy infant in its sleep usually under the age of one. It is also known as “crib death” because the death usually occurs in the crib. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome claims the lives of approximately 2,500 infants each year. The majority of SIDS deaths occur between 2 and 4 month year olds. The cause of SIDS is unknown in infants under one, but for infants over the age of one, there is a cause. A few of the causes of SIDS include: smoking or drinking during pregnancy, inadequate prenatal responsibility, prematurity, inexperienced mothers, smoking near or around the baby, enormous amounts of heating from blankets or pajamas, and placing a baby on its stomach (Floyd R. Livingston Jr., MD. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. KidsHealth. 2014. Web).
Sometimes a baby who seems healthy passes away during sleep. No parent wants to wake up and find their infant not breathing. Sudden Infant Death disorder (SIDS) is one of the leading causes for death among newborn children one month to one year of age. Taking the lives of around 2,500 Infants every year in the United States. An extra 3,500 babies pass on every year from different reasons for sudden and surprising newborn child demise (SUID, or, suffocation). Sudden infant death is a tragic event for any parent or caregiver, and is no one's fault. SIDS can happen even when everything done right.