Abstract or Outline

These instructions will help you format all three parts of your paper: 1. the title or cover page 2. the paper 3. the reference page

1. Due by Day 7. Outline of Final Paper. Review the Final Paper instructions in Week Five of the online course or in the “Components of Course Evaluation” section of this guide. Then, visit the Ashford Writing Center located under the Learning Resources tab on the left navigation toolbar in your online classroom. Review the “Sample: Outline.” Format your outline for the Final Paper according to the “Sample: Outline.” (NOTE: In the “Sample: Outline,” it states that the thesis statement is the last one to three sentences of the introduction. However, the thesis

[The body of your paper uses a half-inch first line indent and is double-spaced. APA style provides for up to five heading levels, shown in the paragraphs that follow. Note that the word Introduction should not be used as an initial heading, as it’s assumed that your paper begins with an introduction.]

Basic Harvard Outline Format – This is also good for taking notes. Use phrases and short clauses, not just single words.

Over a course of years, the Spokane River has been polluted by heavy metals such as zinc, arsenic, lead, and cadmium which affect the fish in the river which may lead to health complications in humans. Although the river has had many plans of management, such as beach clean ups, toxic cleanups and PCBs projects, a management recommendation would be aeration.

From the Corinth Dam down to the New York City Battery, they are advised not to eat any of its fish or crab. Women over the age of 50 and men over the age of 15 have less risk and are allowed to eat more types of fish and more often, specifically eating fish from the lower Hudson. The health effects for women who eat highly PCB-contaminated fish and then become pregnant can result in having children that are slower at learning and slower at developing. Chemicals have a greater risk on the development of young children and unborn babies. Some chemicals may also be passed down in mother’s milk in the same way it accumulates down the food chain. Altogether, there is concern on eating any kinds of fish from the Hudson River because some fish can even have many thousands times more PCBs than the actual surrounding water

In high school, teachers always stressed the importance of writing an outline before beginning your essay, but how many of us really took the time to do this? I remember waiting until the night before it was due to start on the paper. However, in college, it’s harder to get an A if you wait until the last minute. Professors aren’t as lenient about poor writing, and they expect papers to flow logically. Creating an outline can not only help your paper flow, but it’s an easy way to get your paper done without experiencing writer’s block!

The abstract is page two and is typed in block form (with no indentation and in one paragraph). The short title and page number should be typed in the same location as on the title page. The abstract should have “Abstract” centered horizontally, typed in uppercase and lowercase, one inch from the top of the page. The text of the abstract should be double-spaced and start one blank line (double-spaced) below the word “Abstract” and have one-inch margins on the left, right, and bottom. See page two of this guide for an example. Content The abstract should be a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the paper. The abstract should be accurate, self-contained, concise, specific, non-evaluative, coherent, and readable. It should not exceed 120 words in length.

Every good research paper begins with a good topic or idea. If possible, pick something that you're interested in. Writing about something you enjoy can make all the difference. Also, consider the amount of information available on the topic. A topic can be too broad or too narrow--you want a topic you can cover fully, but not something so specific you aren't able to find information from various sources.

C. Preview the body of the paper (name the main points that will be covered).

In addition to the acidification of lakes, acid rain can strip toxic metals from the catchment and contaminate the lake. These metals include aluminum, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, nickel, vanadium, lead, and mercury (Buchdahl). These metals can be very toxic for fish as well as humans. Aluminum concentrations as low as 0.05 mg 1-1 can kill fish and macro invertebrate fauna. Lower levels of aluminum may not kill but can severely impair growth and reproductive ability, and hinder respiratory ability of fish (Acid Rain and The Aquatic). Aluminum has been shown to cause Alzheimer's and mercury can cause brain damage in humans. The tissue of fish absorbs mercury so it can not be cooked or filleted out. Even at very small input rates, mercury biomagnifies from the bottom to the top of the food chain (Krabbenhoft).

Note that the word Introduction should not be used as an initial heading, as it’s assumed that your paper begins with an introduction.]

Basic structure (listing basic elements of a research proposal) The research proposal should have a clear structure that might be something like this:

Water pollution is often impaired by anthropogenic contaminants that are classified into either a point source of pollution or nonpoint source of pollution. The introduction of harmful toxins in an aquatic food chain can result in high levels of contamination in fish, which can be harmful to humans who eat them. State and national agencies monitoring our waters is essential to understanding the effects of water degradation. Every state in the United States has developed standards for fish consumption advisories and restrictions to protect the population from potential health hazards, particularly recreational fishing (Lepak et al.,2009). By continually defining advisories for fish consumption, appropriate recommendations can be developed for the local scale (Burger et al. 2007). Fish bioaccumulate toxins in their tissues as the contaminants travel through the food web (Power et al., 2002). Testing fish as an indicator of pollution in a water body is referred to as bioindicators. Biological testing helps to monitor the health of an aquatic ecosystem to indicate any problems within that ecosystem. Biological monitoring using macroinvertebrates is a viable option that should be considered to meet the needs of watershed management (Uherek & Gouvei, 2014). The contaminants found in the fish species of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed is mercury and PCBs the New River watershed contains PCB toxins. It has been found that pollutants are elevated with respect to landscape factors and

Clear statements of the problem(s) (or issue(s)) that the paper is addressing (upto 2 pages only):