Accounting Theory Ch 2

Agenda – Submit term projects to TURNITIN ASAP – Assignment #2 due April 1st 1159pm • List the coauthor’s name in the subject line. • Teaching Evaluation • Transfer pricing (cont.) – Stanco Inc. • Review chapters 11 and 12 & the practice final – Practice Q1 and Q2 • Review chapters 8 and 9 and the practice final – Practice Q3 and Q4 ACTG 2020

The purpose of this paper is to define accounting, and identify the four basic financial statements. The paper also explains how the different financial statements are interrelated to each other and why they are useful to managers, investors, creditors, and employees.

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* This results in an addition to accounting income to arrive @ taxable income in the current year, because the expense is not yet deductible.

The purpose and goal behind researching the income statements and balance sheets then calculating the ratios is mainly to help creditors and investors make their decisions easier and faster. The way we are presenting our research results helps the investors and creditors make the decision which of the companies is more worthy to invest in or loan money too without taking a risk, and lowering the chances that they will be disappointed by the results of their investment, or in the creditors case they can be almost certain the company they are loaning the money to would be worthy enough of paying the money back without a hassle.

Information based on accrual accounting has historically and empirically provided a better indication of a company’s ability to generate cash flows than information gathered under the cash method. If there is not inter-period allocation, then the information is not as meaningful and will result in a mismatching of economic benefits

Over the past several years, there has been a growing controversy over the accounting issues of fair values and historical cost. The basis of this controversy revolves around which one of these principles is the most accurate. There are many different viewpoints on this issue. Many accounting professionals believe that fair value is just as accurate as the historical cost principle, while others believe that the historical cost is more reliable. The facts about each of these valuation methods will be researched and explained throughout this research document, as well as the different viewpoint about which method is the most accurate and reliable.

The growth in EPS suggests increased productivity and although net income did increase from $54,587 in 2013 to $66,176 in 2014, the average number of shares outstanding decreased from 69,710,500 in 2013 to 65,394,500 in 2014. The increased EPS in 2014 is mostly due to the decrease in shares outstanding rather than increased productivity.

Historical cost is the most common adopted measurement basis in the IASB; FASB suggests that market selling price (Fair Value) is more accurate description of how much assets and liabilities are currently reflected in financial reporting (SFAC 5, 2008). In other words, it was about the historical cost versus fair value. Historical cost gives priority to existing shareholders and regard stewardship as an important function of financial reporting (Whittington, 2008). Historical cost records actual transaction with supporting documents so the financial report is less subject to manipulation by management (Shortridge et al., 2006). The information is relevant to forecasting future cash flows within entity specific perspective rather than direct valuation of future cash flows. Historical cost accounting may lack relevance as during period of inflation (Pozen, 2009). The fact that relevant information has predictive value strengthens its decision making power over reliability principle (KAYA,

8. A consumer values a car at $30,000 and it cost a producer $20,000 to make the

A highlight of full cost accounting is helping decision makers choice a sustainable option, and plan activities that contribute to sustainable management of public forest. Additionally, it can assist decision makers communicate at the political levels; especially when discussing budget needs. As government need to demonstrate and allocate budgets based on value of service, full cost accounting can demonstrate cost per unit of goods or service, which is important for APFS because it identifies and values the non-market goods and service

Case 10-7 Impaired Abilities Scenario A On March 31, 2010, at the end of its first quarter, Company A owned a portfolio of investment-grade, fixed-rate debt securities classified as available for sale. Because of interest rate increases that occurred between the date that certain securities were acquired and March 31, 2010, a material portion of the portfolio was “underwater.” Company A evaluated this decline in fair value to determine whether it is other than temporary and concluded that the decline is temporary. Company A provided the auditors with a brief memo documenting its conclusion as of the period end as follows: M EM O R AN D U M

Continued use of current (fair) values is consistent with FASB’s and the IASB’s conceptual preference for the primacy of the balance sheet over the income statement. Fair value represents measurements related to the present. Historical cost represents measurements relating to the past. Current GAAP requirements for fair value measurement of select assets and liabilities hark back to the banking and Savings & Loan crisis of the 1980s. At that time, many financial institutions were paying higher interest on deposits than they were earning on long-term fixed-rate mortgage loans. The historical cost model, the prevailing measurement attribute under GAAP at that time, masked the problem by recognizing losses gradually through negative net interest income. The current value of the institutions’ assets was less than the current value of the liabilities, effectively making the institutions insolvent. The historical cost model obscured the problem due to the requirement of carrying assets at inflated cost figures. Therefore, transparency was greatly diminished. Existing fair value and mark-to-market requirements were developed over several decades to address specific market events or conditions as noted above. These standards were the result of an extensive due process, and their

Historical cost accounting is a traditional valuation method which the value of assets and liabilities are recorded at the time of its acquisition. Businesses have to record an asset on their balance sheet for the historical cost even if they have significant changed in value over time except allowed or required by accounting standards. Current value accounting is the concept that assets and liabilities be measure and reported at the current or market value at which they could be sold or settled as of the current day.

By: Charn Gek Cheng, Chiang Soo Ling, Kummar Sokali Muthu Mogan, Lee Siew Fen Samantha