Accuracy of Bayley Scores as Outcome Measures in Trials of Neonatal Therapies

The study us a Longitudinal Survey of Newborns in the 21st Century. In 2001, yearly follow-up questionnaires have been sent to respondents of the survey’s and have continued to be sent to the respondents. The first survey was sent in the form of a questionnaire targeting parents of children in Japan born between January and July 2001. Two more questionnaires were sent out to the respondents at ages 3 and 5. 29,182 newborns were eligible for the study.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2016), preterm birth are the birth that happened before 37 ended weeks of pregnancy and is one of the number reason of newborn deaths and the second prominent cause of deaths in children below five. The preterm babies have chances of an amplified risk of illness, disability and death. In the first weeks, the complications of premature birth may include: breathing problems, heart problems, brain problems, temperature control problems, gastrointestinal problems, blood problems, metabolism problems, immune system problems. Long-term complications includes cerebral palsy, impaired cognitive skills, vision problem, hearing problems, dental problems, behavioral and psychological problems, chronic health issues.

To measure progress over a period of time, the protocol can be used three times in order to monitor the child’s progress in developmental areas. The assessment is made up of subtests which

Even though a clear discussion of these studies was not presented, it was indicated that predictive validity of the Boehm-3 Preschool was supported when it was determined that children who did not score well on the Boehm-3 Preschool had already been identified as having developmental delays through other assessment procedures. Based on the information and data provided, it is illustrated that reliability and validity is quite excellent, for the Boehm-3 Preschool (Malcolm, in Spies & Plake 2005).

al.,2007). Using previously researched scholar articles and books, the authors were able to base their search, follow certain guidelines and compare their results with other results. Using tests such as the Kruskall-Wallis non-parametric test, Nagel et. al.(2007) were able to examine the differences in performance based on each grade group.

My professional and academic interest in child development and neuroscience began in earnest with a field experience at the Mrs. Chris Play & Learn during my junior year of high school. I was fortunate to work with infants to pre-K ages children. During my time, I was able to observe their interactions with other children and adults, particularly their developmental changes. This experience greatly impacted me because my life devotion became to create equality in early childhood education. My education and experience over the past decade has prepared me for a career in educational neuroscience utilizing early childhood interventions to address learning discrepancies in different socioeconomic statuses. I attended Morehouse School of Medicine

The development of a child in the first year of life is extremely intense; in just 52 weeks’ an infant goes through major physical, cognitive and social and emotional developments.

Premature birth is an important public health priority in terms of health of women and infants. Every year an estimated 15 million preterm babies are born and this number is still rising (WHO, 2015).In 2014, 1 of every 10 babies born in United States were premature and black infants were 50% more likely to be born premature than white, Hispanic and Asian/Pacific islander infants (CDC,2015). Almost 1 million children die each year due to complications of premature birth (WHO, 2015). Major survivors face lifelong disabilities like learning disabilities, hearing, visual, feeding, digestive, breathing and respiratory problems (CDC, 2015) and low birth weight (March of Dimes, 2014). A major challenge in decreasing the rate of preterm birth is

The Woodcock-Johnson IV Test of Achievement (WJ IV) is used for individual ages two to ninety years old. A major strength of this assessment is that it provides a broad coverage of skills that can be assessed for the child to truly learn their strengths and weaknesses. For English as a Second Language students, the administrator can administer certain clusters of subtests to determine a child’s cognitive-academic language proficiency. Also, the test has many accommodations listed to help when testing English Language Learners, visual impairments, and other disabilities to provide the best testing environment for the student. A weakness of this assessment is that since so many subtests exist, it can become very easy to over

The brain is the most complex thing on earth. Even the brain of a baby which weighs less than one pound is extremely complicated. When we are a baby our brain is a universe of meaning; it is where the emotions, memories, ideas, and dreams evolve and change over the lifetime. Baby Elizabeth who was born three months before she was expected was a healthy premature baby but her brain was not fully prepared. Most premature babies survive but nearly half have difficulty paying attention, learning, planning, and even prioritizing as they grow up. What happens with premature babies is that they are more hypertensive and easily over stimulated. Automatically when the baby comes out of the womb the brain reacts to all the stimulation and in the case

Infant learning and brain development is fragile and contingent upon numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The most critical time frame for infant brain development is from the second trimester to the first three months of life (Marshall, 2011). During this time, neural pathways are forming, areas of the brain are maturing, and brain development is rapid. From infancy until the age of 3 years, neural pathways are still being formed in response to stimulation and for this reason, it is extremely important for caregivers and parents to be aware of the many factors that can influence brain development in infants (Marshall, 2011).

Preterm birth can be a devastating experience not only for the mother, but also for the child. This issue has plagued the United States and other countries for many years, and no concrete evidence have been found to tell us why preterm birth occurs. One in eight babies in the United States is born premature each year. The impact of social support on the psychological well-being, attitudes, and behavior of parents is rapidly becoming a major issue. It is becoming more and more difficult for mothers to cope with the long-term and short-term effects of premature birth. These parents’ attitude and behavior can have both a direct and indirect effect on the child's

Advancement made in regard to cognitive neuroscience has enabled a better understanding of the cognitive processes in infants. Studies have indicated that cognitive development in infants starts before they are born. In the eighth week of pregnancy, fetuses have the ability to hear. They become accustomed to their

Successful levels and stages of development are majorly associated with the increasing efficiency and memory capacity. These explain a progression to higher stages and individual differences which increases by same age persons and cognitive performance. Research indicates that the performance of children at a given age is changeable from domain to domain such as the understanding of social, mathematical, and spatial concepts that it is impossible to place the child in a single stage. This level involves processes that define the volume and kind of information that the individual child can process. For example, reflexes arise before birth and are still present in newborns. Sometimes, prenatal development and birth complications may also be connected to neurodevelopmental disorders. Young children react to various motivations in various ways (Damon & Lerner, 2006). For example infants’ sight blurry in early stages improves over time.

A newborn baby is usually evaluated soon after birth using a physiological assessment tool known as the Apgar score by a doctor. The Apgar test, named for Virginia Apgar, the physician who developed it. The health care provider examines the baby’s for five factors are used to evaluate the neonate’s appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiratory effort. Each of these characteristics is rated on a scale of 0–2, with 2 denoting normal function; 1, reduced function; and 0, seriously impaired function. The total Apgar score is the sum of the scores from the five characteristics, ranging from 0 to 10.