Acetaminophen Formula

Substance abuse during pregnancy can have a negative force on the health and wellness of not only the fetus, but that of the mother. The harmful effects of medications, alcohol and illegal drugs on an unborn child can be devastating and can have significant consequences to its use. Sometimes the effects can be faced and treated, and other times the outcome is a lifelong challenge. During the prenatal period, it is important that new mothers are informed of the different types of abuse, how they may affect the fetus, and the adverse conditions their child may be faced with before and after birth.

There is no enough information available for the use of amla for pregnant and nursing women. However, it is strongly contraindicated to people with bleeding disorders and undertaking scheduled surgeries.

The use of controlled substances throughout pregnancy is a very prevalent issue among society today. Controlled substances have devastating effects on not only the mothers using the substances, but also infants while they are in utero and after they are born. Many infants born to mothers, who are abusing drugs, suffer from life threatening illnesses and are forever affected through adulthood. Specifically, heroin is a common drug form that is often used during pregnancy and results in the life threatening effects mentioned above.

The National Health Institute (NIH) explains that addictive drugs such as amphetamines, cocaine, barbiturates, diazepam, and opiates consumed during pregnancy pass from mother to the fetus by crossing the placenta. This causes the baby to become addicted to these drugs along with the mother. Once born, the newborn no longer receives these drugs which then results in NAS (“Neonatal abstinence syndrome”, 2012a).

(2010) explains that although methadone is used for opioid exposure especially during pregnancy, but also is linked to NAS when a fetus is exposed to methadone. With their focus of the effects of NAS on the central nervous system hyperirritability and autonomic nervous system dysfunction Jones et al. also focused on the different effects of methadone versus those of buprenorphine, which has less substantial research. The points of study included number of newborns requiring treatment for NAS, peak score on a NAS scale, amount of morphine given through out treatment, length of hospital stay and the head circumference. Overall they only found significant differences in outcomes for the total morphine required as well as the length of the neonates hospital stay. When exposed to buprenorphine prenatally the newborns required 89% less morphine during treatment and 43% less time in the hospital than those exposed to methadone (Jones et al.,

Codeine rapidly crosses the placenta, and is the only narcotic analgesic which has shown statistically significant association with teratogenicity (involving respiratory tract malformations).

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is a group of problems that occur in a newborn who was exposed to addictive opiate drugs while in the mother’s womb. This happens when a pregnant woman takes drugs such as heroin, codeine, inhalants, marijuana, methamphetamine, nicotine, prescription or even over-the-counter drugs. Many substances pass easily through the placenta, some substances that a pregnant woman takes also, to some degree, reach the baby (Neonatal abstinence syndrome, 2014). Just like adults, babies go through withdrawals from drugs. Symptoms of drug withdrawal in a newborn can develop immediately or couple of days after birth.

Prescription drug addiction is a growing epidemic in several cities in the United States. As a result, many cities have begun to have an increase of babies being born addicted to opiates. In rural areas of Maine, this is becoming a more common occurrence, babies born addicted to opiates more than doubled in a five-year span. These women try to stop using drugs for the sake of their unborn children however, this may cause them to have a miscarriage. In this article, it is discussed how the effects of abusing prescribed painkillers affect infants once they are born and the moral dilemma doctors face to try to treat these babies.

Infants suffer from neonatal abstinence syndrome when a mother is pregnant and doing various forms of drugs such as heroin, oxycodone, methadone, codeine, or buprenorphine. The infant is then born addicted to the form of drug the mother was doing, then forced to suffer through withdrawal symptoms. They go though these symptoms till the drug leaves the infants body. The symptoms of neonatal abstinence syndrome include, blotchy skin, diarrhea, excessive crying and suckling, fever, hyperactive reflexes, increased muscle tone, irritability, poor feeding, rapid breathing, seizures, sleep problems, slow weight gain, stuffy nose, sneezing, sweating, trembling, and vomiting. However, the severity of the symptoms can range because it depends on the

You can ask your baby care provider if you can use Tylenol for pain and fever.

The condition occurs when the pregnant mother uses opiate drugs such as cocaine, heroin, oxycontin, methodone, or buprenorphine. These harmful substances pass across the placental membrane and into the fetal blood circulation, causing the fetus to become dependent on the drug. After delivery these infants are no longer exposed to the substances and will go through a withdrawal period.

Epidural analgesia is considered the most effective pain relief method during labour (Tamagawa & Weaver, 2012). It consists of the introduction of a local anaesthetic into the epidural space using a needle through the lumbar intervertebral space, usually between lumbar vertebrae 3 and 4 or 2 and 3 (Peate & Hamilton, 2014). The anaesthetic inhibits nerve conduction by blocking sodium channels in nerve membranes, which in turn prevents the transmission of nerve impulses along these fibres. Therefore, the painful stimuli transmitted from the contracting uterus and birth canal is inhibited without consciousness impairment (Anim-Somuah, Smyth and Jones, 2011).

Drugs of abuse reach the fetal circulation readily due to their low molecular weight and lipid solubility (Weiner and Finnegan,2011). Before birth the drugs are cleared from the fetus’s circulation via the mother’s excretory and metabolic mechanisms. Preterm infants can be less affected by withdrawal due to less body fat, less total drug exposure and immaturity (Logan, Brown and Hayes, 2013)

There are a number of environmental influences that have the potential of affecting the development of the baby during the prenatal period. These are called teratogens. As far as how much of an effect the teratogens has, depends on the factors of “dose, heredity, other negative influences and age” (Berk 66). The main teratogens are prescription/non-prescription drugs, illegal drugs, tobacco, environmental pollution, and infectious diseases. Since the early 1940’s the developmental effects of prescription/nonprescription drugs such as ihalidomide and diethylstilbestrol have been well documented. Some of the effects were “gross deformities of limbs and genital abnormalities/malformation of the genitals” (66). Babies of users doing illegal drugs

Neuraxial (epidural, spinal, and combined spinal-epidural) techniques are the most effective methods of pain relief during labor [ ]. In addition, physiologic benefits of neuraxial analgesia for the mother and fetus have been demonstrated [ - ]. Neuraxial labor analgesia use has progressively increased in the Western Hemisphere. In the United States, neuraxial labor analgesia for labor rose from 21% to 77% of parturients between 1981 and 2001 [ ]. In the United Kingdom, approximately 33% of parturients chose neuraxial analgesia in 2010 – 2011 [ ].