Acid Base Disturbance Report

When your blood pH being alkaline, you experience respiratory alkalosis. The co2 levels drop in your blood which causes complications.

Metabolic alkalosis is a condition in which the body fluids have excess base. The kidneys and lungs maintain the proper balance of chemicals, called acids and bases, in the body. Decreased carbon dioxide or increased bicarbonate level makes the body too alkaline. There are different types of alkalosis such as: respiratory alkalosis, which is caused by a low carbon dioxide level in the blood. This can be due to: fever, lack of oxygen, lung disease, or liver disease; hypochloermic alkalosis is caused by an extreme lack or loss of chloride, from prolonged vomiting; hypokalemic alkalosis is caused by the kidneys’ response to an extreme lack of potassium, this can occur from taking certain water pills. Compensated alkalosis occurs when the body returns to the acid-base balance to normal in cases of alkalosis, but bicarbonate and carbon dioxide levels remain abnormal. Symptoms of alkalosis can include: confusion, hand tremor, light-headedness, muscle twitching, vomiting, and numbness or tingling in the face, hands, or feet. Treatment for alkalosis depends on

The normal blood pH is between 7.35 and 7.45. Allen’s blood was acidotic due to a decrease in lung expansion and an alteration in the perfusion to his spinal cord. He also has an alteration in spinal innervation to the respiratory muscles including the phrenic nerve that controls the diaphragm. This would further cause Allen to not be able to adequately take in enough oxygen and blow off enough CO2 to adequately have gas exchange, within the alveoli. Respiratory failure.

4. Why does potassium concentration rise in patients with acidosis? What is this called? What effects does it have?

DKA is presented with three major physiological disturbances which are hyperosmolality due to hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis because of the buildup of ketoacids, and hypovalemia from osmotic diuresis. Diabetic ketoacidosis is caused by a profound deficiency of insulin, its most likely occur in people with type 1 diabetes, inadequate insulin dosage, poor self management, undiagnosed type 1 diabetes, illnesses and infections. In type 1

The R.S. laboratory results show the patient is suffering from respiratory acidosis with a metabolic compensation. The PH is decreased from the normal 7.4, his PaCO2 is elevated from the normal range of 34-45 mm Hg, and his O2 is elevated from the normal range of 24-30 mm Hg. his elevated PaO2 indicates that he has a metabolic compensation. The body does not like to be in acidosis therefore it will start to correct the problem through compensating by promoting the kidneys to produce more metabolic acid to help restore the balance.

These results are showing a more acidosis level and with our pH low the PaCO2 low and also HCO3 low, Sam’s decreased level in the glascow coma scale and tachycardia we could consider a hyperglycaemic metabolic or ketosis acidosis and commence corrective treatment immediately( Roman,M,2008, p268).

The buildup of mucus does not allow her to get the right amount of air with each breath, and that causes the pCO2 to rise. The more the it rises, the more HCO3- it produces. The HCO3- is what causes the pH level to decrease.

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a dangerous state - nutritional ketosis, on the other hand, is where the body is using ketones as a fuel source safely. For those who don't have diabetes, having insulin to ensure good blood sugar levels keeps ketones at safe levels which is achieved by reducing carbohydrate-intake to below 50

Diabetic ketoacidosis is considered to be one of the most life threatening complications for Type 1 diabetics. Along with it being the most common cause of death in Type 1 diabetics under the age of 40 (Mills & Stamper, 2014). Diabetic ketoacidosis, also known as DKA, is when there are consistently high levels of glucose in the blood and not enough insulin to allow the body to function properly. The body then begins to breakdown body tissue in order to create energy in lieu of glucose. Acidic ketones begin to build up in the body and become toxic (Mills & Stamper, 2014). The amount of patients that are admitted to the hospital for a DKA episode are staggering, approximately 8,400 people were admitted from the span of April 2010 to March 2011.

How would his acid-base disorder be classified? What is the most likely cause of his polycythemia? Base on R.S’ laboratory results of pH=7.32, PaCO2=60mm Hg, PaO2=50mm Hg, HCO3-=30 mEq/L, he has partly compensated respiratory acidosis. Partly compensated respiratory acidosis means the patient’s pulmonary system cannot clear enough carbon dioxide from the body which leads to hypercapnia. Hypercapnia occurs when the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide is greater than 45 mm Hg and pH less than 7.35 is acidosis. (Klower, 2011) When the patient’s breathing ventilation is compromised, perfusion, and diffusion this may cause respiratory acidosis. Since the pH of R.S. is not too low from normal and the higher CO2, then it means it’s partially compensated.

Moore (2004) argues that in order to treat patients adequately, nurses should possess a thorough understanding of aetiology, clinical presentations and treatment of the three leading diabetic emergencies: hyperosmolar non-ketotic syndrome, hypoglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis. DKA is a life-threatening medical emergency that can result in coma or even death if medical treatment is not administered (Moore, 2004). Prior to insulin discovery, DKA was customarily fatal, with ketoacidotic coma being the usual cause of death (Palmer, 2004). Ketoacidosis occurs due to a deficiency of insulin and an excess of counter-regulatory hormone. Lack of insulin results in reduced glucose uptake

Many conditions result if blood pH is not maintained. If the pH of the blood becomes too acidic

Alkalosis is a medical condition in which the body’s acid-base ratio is thrown out of balance because there is excess base in the body. On the other end of the spectrum, acidosis is a medical condition in which there is too much acid in the body, which also causes an acid-base imbalance. For this assignment, I will be explaining two types of each acid-base imbalance, including the following conditions: respiratory acidosis, metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, and metabolic alkalosis.

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a potentially life threatening complication found patient who have diabetes mellitus.. Most often DKA, is the first presenting symptom in undiagnosed diabetics, illness in diabetics, and/or poor compliance with insulin therapy. Diabetic Ketoacidosis Is an event marked by shortage of insulin production, thus the body breaks down fat into ketone bodies to compensate for needed energy production. The lack of insulin is compensated with increased glucagon levels from the liver, osmotic diuresis occurs in which high glucose levels are excreted thought the kidneys leading to polyuria, dehydration, and polydipsia. The ketone bodies cause the body to become acidotic, the bicarbonate buffering system become overworked and hyperventilation (Kussmaul respirations), this allows carbon dioxide to be released. This is when symptoms become apparent, most often the patient will have vomiting, confusion, polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, hyperventilation, abdominal pain, fruity breath and occasionally coma. DKA is diagnosed by blood and urine test. The blood test will show an elevated Hemoglobin A1c; metabolic acidosis: plasma pH under 7.35, plasma bicarbonate under 15 mEq/L, elevated blood sugar above 250 mg/dL, abnormal sodium, chloride levels, hyperkalemia. Urine test will show elevated ketones, and glucose.