Acidification On Chemoreceptors

G., Cong-Qiang, L., WeiDong, Z., Minella, M., Vione, D., Kunshan, G., & ... Hiroshi, S. (2016). Reviews and Syntheses: Ocean acidification and its potential impacts on marine ecosystems. Biogeosciences, 13(6), 1767. doi:10.5194/bg-13-1767-2016

The results found that sea stars were negatively effected in growth rate by low pH, even lower in high temperature. Mussel growth rate was positively affected by low pH, however there was no response to high temperatures. Predation of sea stars on muscles decreased in lower pH by 50%. The overall effect shows that muscles perform better at the lower pH compared to the sea stars. Another study was done by Ferrari, M. C. O et al. (2015) which studied the effect of stressors, CO2 levels and temperature, on the predatory prey encounters in reef communities. Their method was to put 6 prey and one predator into 4 different treatments for 22 hours and record how many prey survived this was repeated 2 times for each of the 4 treatments. What the results found was that when both stressors were high, high CO2 and high temperature, the predation rate increased from 30% to 70%. Prey selection changed when it was either high CO2 or high temperature but when the stressors were together the prey selection was equal. Risk taking behaviour was also seen to increase during both stressors. A study was performed by Clements, J. C. et

-I am an ecophysiologist interested in studying the biological impacts of ocean acidification and other anthropomorphic (man-made) environmental stressors. I use field and laboratory experimentation and observation (utilizing ocean pH sensors) to predict how key marine species will respond to future ocean change. I am currently collaborating with the Alutiiq Pride Shellfish Hatchery in Seward, Alaska. We are conducting ocean acidification experiments on juvenile geoduck clams with the aim of determining their potential vulnerability to ocean acidification.

Background Information – I decided to conduct this laboratory experiment, because I lived in Beaufort, SC. There is a beach in Beaufort and as a child I would pick up shells on the seashore. My family always went to the beach growing up, and I thoroughly enjoyed it. It is a good vacation spot and a place for people to have fun. Seeing the sea life is a part of the experience when going to the beach. The increasing ocean acidification is worrying, because it harms sea life that have calcium carbonate shells. One day the shells will be dull in color and brittle, because the calcium carbonate has been eroded by acidic water. Anthropogenic emissions that are released into

The article that I read studied how ocean acidification alters the ear stone size and density of cobia. Cobia is used frequently in studies “and had a significant ecologic and economic value.” The study looked at the implications for sensory functions by studying the ear stone (otoliths) size and density of larval cobia. The highest concern due to the effects of acidification on cobia is related to larval development. “During this phase, the sensory abilities of larval fishes are important determinants of survival and untimely influence the persistence of viable populations.” The article was published in 2013. Prior to its publication, studies about the affects of ocean acidification on ear stone sizes

At any given time, unbeknownst to us, our body is making a multitude of adjustments to maintain homeostasis. The body is constantly receiving messages from the periphery, vasculature, heart and organs of the body to be processed by the higher centers of our brain, namely the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex, along with the spinal cord. Since most of these impulses occur without our awareness, they are considered reflexes. In order to provide high quality, patient-centered care, the anesthetist must have a vast understanding of the body’s systems and the reflexes associated with maintaining homeostasis. Of the body’s reflexes, the cardiovascular reflexes should be of emphasis. Challenging anesthetic plans and surgical manipulation

Chemoreception is how a certain organ or substance located in the human body reacts to stimuli. Organisms contain different genes determining how that particular organism will respond to stimuli. For example, PTC sensitivity is facilitated by the PTC gene (also known as the TAS2R38 Gene), which encodes a taste receptor found on the tongue’s surface cells. It is a trait comprising of two alleles—Taster and Non-Taster. These alleles contain

Ocean acidification is a big problem in society but hasn’t been given the recognition needed. Before the industrial era began, the average pH at the ocean surface was estimated at 8.2 (slightly basic; 7.0 is neutral). In 2013 the average pH level was 8.1. Although the change may seem insignificant, similar natural shifts have taken 5,000 to 10,000 years but because of societal development this change occurred between 50 to 80 years. It was hypothesised that by the lowering the PH level of the experiment water it will have a decomposing effect on the organisms (shells).Three shells were placed in separate beakers with different levels of pH and were tested for the changes of mass (intervals of 2 to 3 days). Sample 2 of the experiment showed

Although ocean acidification is affecting the entire world’s oceans, a noticeable effect it is causing would be the major effect it is having on oyster farms in Oregon and Washington. Since about 2006 up to 80% of oyster larvae have started to die-off (Grossman). The young oyster are very vulnerable to their environmental conditions during the first few days of their lives because this is when the oysters are developing the most. Therefore the inability for these oyster to develop is a sign that there is a big change in the oceans conditions. When the pH level of the ocean becomes too low, the young oysters’ shells start to break apart and oyster larvae start to die, this causes hatcheries to be left with nothing to distribute. Not only is

Red king crab range from locations off the coast of Alaska, to Koreas’ pacific ring, to northern British Columbia. Long’s (2013) paper focused on populations in the Bering Sea, Alaska; this crab species are economically important for fisheries. Ocean acidification is increasing surface pH levels, due to the increased exploitation of nonrenewable resources by humans. The focus of the study was to determine how ocean acidification would affect embryo development and larval release time, larval survivorship, and the carryover effects from one life history stage to another. To create acidified conditions they used CO2, which changed the pH of the seawater to 7.7. The results showed in acidified conditions increased deposition of calcium, morphometric

Pteropods are shelled animals about the dimension a small pea that are consumed by several animals of almost every size which range from krill to dolphins. Pteropods are at the bottom of many food chains and a decrease in their numbers can possibly destroy the chances of survival of multiple species and not only those of the ocean. However, these small creatures are challenged by the accelerating ocean acidification and thus, their shell formation hampered due to the deficiency of free calcium carbonate. Several research on pteropod indicates that growth rate and calcification of shelled pteropods decline with ocean acidification (Busch D.S. et al. 2014; Comeau S. et al. 2009). In an under-saturated sea water comparing with aragonite, pteropods favour to

All living organism relies heavily on their senses for survival. The sensations felt by an organism allow it to navigate around, detect food source, detect harm, regulate body temperature and chemicals, change in pressure, etc. Each sensation is produce after a stimulus is registered by a receptor and since there are different kinds of sensation, there are also different types of receptor to accommodate each stimulus.

Ocean acidification is caused by carbon dioxide emissions. It threatens the health of our oceans and living things under the water. Shell-organism like crab, just like what we had for the investigation, are formed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Calcium carbonate is formed when calcium ion binds with carbonate molecules. Most CO2 is produced when possible fuels are burned, and once it gets to the air, CO2 is absorbed into the ocean through wave action. Once it gets absorbed, CO2 combines with water to form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid breaks down easily into bicarbonate molecules and hydrogen ions. Calcium and bicarbonate cannot bind together to form shells. Carbonate that usually form shells binds more easily with the hydrogen ions,

“Threatening Ocean Life from The Inside Out” by M. Hardt & C. Safina is about the impacts of ocean acidification on marine life as subsequently human life as well. Ocean acidification refers to a reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period time, caused primarily by uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. The water is becoming more acidic and negatively effecting marine life. The acidity affects coral and animals like clams and muscles having trouble building their skeletons and shells. It is also impacting the sperm count and the reproductive ability of male animals in the ocean. The oceans’ pH today is 8.1, which is mildly basic, but the conditions we are in right now shows a declining trend. The atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is almost 390 parts per million (ppm), but it would be even higher if the oceans didn’t soak up 30 million tons of the gas every day (Hardt and Safina, 68). It

The world we live in is so vast and exciting. Seventy percent of our world is liquid water we call the ocean. In the ocean there are many creatures that each are unique in their own way. However, it is possible that in our lifetime, many marine organisms will become endangered or possibly extinct. The loss of these mejestic marine creatures will be caused mainly because of human advancements in which fossil fuels are used to produce energy. Biodiversity is greatly affected by this increase in acidity. As the ocean acidifies, multiple social and economic issues arise. As humans, we rely on the ocean for almost everything. Much of our food, clothing, cleaning products and cosmetics come from the ocean. With the loss of