Acoustic Emission Monitoring Of Propulsion Systems

As the distance to an object is determined by measuring the time of flight and not by the intensity of the sound, ultrasonic sensors are excellent at suppressing background interference. Virtually all materials which reflect sound can be detected, regardless of their color. Even transparent materials or thin foils represent no problem for an ultrasonic

The earth contains many natural resources that humans consume daily in order to satisfy our needs. Each natural resource, once gone, will require us to find an alternative. One of the most used and consumed natural resource on Earth is oil. Oil is needed for heating homes, the generation of electricity, the creation of asphalt on roads, and the production of many chemicals, plastics and synthetics. Additionally, oil is used for transportation purposes. Once oil runs out, how will humans travel across oceans, drive to work, or trade goods from country to country? With the end of conventional oil approaching, humans needs to locate alternative ways to replace oil within transportation of cars and planes in order to satisfy the needs of humans in the future.

In the article they used hay to control soil erosion along highways and back roads, as it turns out hay can also be used to soak up oil spills and leave clean water behind. For the lab, we are thinking to use hay and play-do (in the use of clay) to try to clean up the oil.

Enforcing regulations against dumping would be almost impossible if it had to be done on the high seas and not conducted at the ports where the cargo is loaded(1, 112). A variety of water pollutants occur, ranging from petroleum wastes to pesticides to excess sediments(9). Waters also receive wastes directly from offshore activities, such as ocean-based dumping. Our technology is capable of tracing the sources of oil slicks, as well as, airborne and satellite radar systems(10).The

To support the data provided in this research a survey under the name Real-Time Corrosion Monitoring (Al-Shaqab,

Shock waves can be created using explosives, thumper trucks, or compressed air guns. The returning waves are measured by hydrophones that can record the waves underwater. Results are then analyzed for signs of oil. Promising signs of oil traps are marked on a map. Once oil has been located, drilling wells are constructed around the oil deposit. When the well is complete, extraction begins. Acid is pumped into the wells and out the perforators, which are vein-like channels that branch into the layers of rock. The acid dissolves the limestone, then oil flows through the perforators and into the well. If there is sandstone surrounding the oil instead of limestone, a fluid containing proppants (sand particles) is pumped through the perforators. This fluid creates pressure that fractures the sandstone and allows oil to flow into the well without the perforator closing back up. Sometimes, the oil is too heavy to flow into the well. Hot steam is introduced to the perforators to thin the oil, and create more pressure to push the oil through the perforator. This process is called enhanced oil recovery (Freudenrich, Strickland, n.d.). Offshore oil drilling is very risky, because if an oil well is leaks, thousands of gallons of oil will flood the surrounding water.

Besides that, these tiny oil particles can be degraded more quickly by bacteria presence in the ocean and wash away from spill site by ocean waves3. It was about 2 million galons1 of dispersants was used to prevent the oil slicks to clear up the surface water contaminated. The dispersant chemical helped to clear the slicks out of vision however it somewhat distributed negative impact to the ecosystem from potential harm wildlife to food chain. The tiny oil droplets either suspended in the water or fall down to the bottom of the ocean floor. Therefore, bottom sediment samples were collected to analyze for the remaining of crude oil and the main active compound of dispersant which are the anionic sufactant dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate

During use, new oil picks up toxic chemicals, carcinogenic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals which harm the environment and public health when used oil is disposed of improperly. One pint of oil can produce a slick covering approximately one acre of water. Used oil in waterways threatens fish, waterfowl, insects and aquatic life. In salt water, oil kills the microscopic plankton and algae that form the base of the marine food web. Very small amounts of oil spilled in the habitat of fish and shellfish can contaminate their flavor. Used oil seeps through landfills and soils to contaminate groundwater supplies. One quart of oil can foul the taste and purity of 250,000 gallons of water. Used oil applied to roads as a dust suppressant causes water

Oil spills have been a major environmental problem that can be hard to detect and expensive to clean up. Since 1969 there have been at least 44 major oil spills of over 420,00 gallons that have had an affect on waters in the United States (Response.restoration.noaa.gov, 2015) The most recent devastating major oil spill was the 2010 Deepwater Horizon offshore oil drilling rig. Nearly 125 million gallons of oil was released into the Gulf of Mexico that wreaked havoc on local economies and wild life with effects that are still lingering to this day (Elliott, 2015). One part of dealing with a major oil spill, such as the Deepwater Horizon, is figuring out how much oil is involved and researches at the Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences (VIMS) have developed a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) that is capable of gauging the volume of oil spilled by measuring the thickness of an oil slick (Malmquist, 2015).

This paper is about the effects of offshore drilling particularly it discusses “oil spills caused by offshore drilling in California”. These oil spills that are caused by offshore drilling affect the environment in the long run. Even some of these impacts on the environment by oil spills last for decades (Larry West). For example when an oil slick arrives at the beach from a huge oil spill then it sticks to each grain of the sand and every rock. So if this oil is absorbed by the forests or fibrous plants etc. then it can make the whole area unsuitable for wildlife. Moreover if this oil spills stops and sinks in the surface of the water then these oil spills damage the fragile ecosystems under water and can prove extremely dangerous to marine life (Jennifer Horton).

The cleanup act for oil spills are “extremely extensive and expensive” as one government official said so elegantly. Even engaged in best efforts and with the most cutting edge technology, it is basically impossible to clean up all of the oil that has been released into the region. Although, many ways to try and clean the oil out of the water exist. One method they use is called skimming. “Skimming removes oil from the sea's surface before it reaches the sensitive parts of the coast. A lot of the time a boat will pull a barrier called a boom that collects oil as it goes along to later be picked up by another boat that collects oil”. This is a very long process, it can be incredibly effective

, Thompson, C.V., Burnett, M.N., Dulgerian, N., Eckenrode, B.A.). The united audio signal contains the amplitude information for each sensor that can be digitized and stored as a computer file (Vass, A.A., Smith, R.R. , Thompson, C.V., Burnett, M.N., Dulgerian, N., Eckenrode, B.A.). The audio files can be processed quickly using a real-time Fourier Transform routine to extract the response for each sensor (Vass, A.A., Smith, R.R. , Thompson, C.V., Burnett, M.N., Dulgerian, N., Eckenrode, B.A.). There is minimal cross-talk between sensor channels due to the generation of harmonics and frequency side-bands because the sensor signals are pure sine waves (Vass, A.A., Smith, R.R. , Thompson, C.V., Burnett, M.N., Dulgerian, N., Eckenrode, B.A.). Ultimately, the Fourier Transform sensor data will be used to provide real-time sensor data to a computer-based algorithm for improved identification of chemical vapors (Vass, A.A., Smith, R.R. , Thompson, C.V., Burnett, M.N., Dulgerian, N., Eckenrode, B.A.).

Ultrasonic flaw inspection systems work on the basic principle that sound waves are mechanical vibrations of particles in a medium. The speed of the wave in a given medium is predictable along with the direction it will travel in. When the wave reaches a boundary with a different medium or acoustic impedance, the speed and direction will change according to a set of simple rules.

Detection of corrosion damage in second layer is difficult due to a term called pillowing. This pillowing is created by aluminum oxide trihydrate which pushes the two sheets in the lap joint apart. Ultrasonic phased array NDI technique require bonding between layers for the probing energy to penetrate into the second and deeper layers, hence ultrasonic phased array accurately maps only the first layer thickness of corroded splices.

In the past, the entire world has witnessed an oil tankers accidents that resulted in very large oil spills that have grabbed general attention and an attempt to search for methods and solutions in order to decrease the risk pertain to such horrible events. In general, large oil spill accidents are connected with collision, grounding, loss or structural integrity and some of them have resulted in life death, sea life death, contamination and harm to